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[Introduction]

[Torn.E.b. receiver]        [100 W.S. transmitter]    [1000 W.S.b. transmitter]

[15W.S.E.b. transceiver]     [T9k39 receiver]  [T 200 FK 39 transmitter]

[Ha5 K 39c transceiver]      [Lo6L39 receiver]      [Lo70KL40 transceiver]     

[Telefunken AS 59 transmitter (200 W)]    [Telefunken AS1008 transmitter (200 W)]

    [Telefunken S521B transmitter (1.5 kW)]      [Telefunken S366B transmitter (1 kW)]

[Telefunken "Goliath" (1 megawatt)]

text highlighted in yellow is scratchpad / draft

INTRODUCTION

One of the Frequently Asked Questions that I get is: "Which radios were used with the Hell Feldfernschreiber?". This page is an attempt to provide an answer. Feld-Hell not intended for use with any particular receiver, transmitter, or transceiver. The only criterion was that the radio was suitable for CW (on-off keyed "Morse" telegraphy), or AM (SSB not used yet, see "performance" page.

FH: Direct-key CW TX up to 100 W (grid keying).

FH: Keying device for TX with anode keying, over 100 W.

"Funkbetrieb". Ref. performance page.

Note that the title of this page is not "German military radios...." but "Military radios..." in general. Because...

Non-exhaustive list.

German military radios that are known to have been used in combo with Hellschreiber, and/or have explicit Hellschreiber interfaces.

Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe (ref. 2)

"Goliath": not known whether Feld-Hell or Presse Hell (some Kriegsmarine ships carried a Presse Hell printer; U-boats????)

Swedish army: 5 W Tp, 250 W Bl, 10 W Br m/39, 30 W Kr m/29, 100 W Ft m/38 (Swedish Airforce also used Presse Hell)

Swiss army used Presse Hell in combination with xxxx transmitters. Link.

Bernhard/Bernhardine - not Feld-Hell, but military and Hell.

check docs for all of the ones listed in table below

Ref. 3 for radio naming/numbering schemes.

Ref. 15: "Die Verwendung von Kurzwellen für operative Weitverbindungen wurde notwendig. Deshalb wurde das 200- und 800-Watt-Gerät 15 bis 100 m [3 - 20 MHz] mit praktisch unbeschränkter Reichweite eingeführt anstelle des 1,5 KW-Gerätes, das sich infolge der Koppelung von Kurz- und Mittelwellen nicht bewährt hat. Trotz Drängens erfolgte die Einführung dieser Typen nicht bereits 40, sondern erst 41. Weniger gut hat sich das 15-Watt-Gerät 15 bis 100 m für die mittleren Entfernungen bewährt."  ... "Die starken Raumwellenstörungen der Kurzwellen wurden richtig erkannt und ihre Verwendung möglichst vermieden."

Ref. 16: "Die Reichweite des Feldschreibers beim Einsatz auf Funkverbindungen liegt wesentlich über derjenigen des Telefonbetriebes und fällt etwa zusammen mit der Reichweite bei Morse-Hör-Empfang."

Communication range of several Wehrmacht transmitters and transceivers

(source: figure 54, ref. 7)

Undoubtedly, the Feld-hell was used with other radios.

	The Kriegsmarine used the Hell-system with the enormous LF/VLF Goliath transmitter for world-wide broadcast to (submerged) submarines. Most likely, this was in combination with Presse-hell equipment, rather than Feld-Hell, but this remains to be confirmed.
	The Kriegsmarine used Presse-Hell printers on some ships, e.g. in combination with a Lorenz Lo6L39 longwave receiver.
	It is possible that the Kriegsmarine used the Telefunken "all wave" receiver E 381 S (Spwz.860 Bs, "Brotkasten"; 15 kHz - 20 MHz), and the E 52 "Köln" (T 8 K 44) with the Hell system.
	I do not know which radios the Luftwaffe used with their Feld-Hells.
	The Luftwaffe also used the Hell-system (though not Feld-hell or Presse-Hell) as part of their Bernhard/Bernhardine radio-navigation system.
	The Luftwaffe receiver type Lorenz Ln 21021 "Schwabenland"  (Kriegsmarine equivalent: EO 8268) was used post-war by the Deutsche Presse Dienst (DPD) presss agency.
	The Swiss army used Presse-Hell as part of the SE-302 "B-Station" mobile radio unit (incl. G1,5K transmitter (1.5 kW) and the Lorenz EO509/I all-wave receiver or a Zellweger E41 all-wave receiver), as well as the SE-303 "G3L" station (incl. a Spez. 914 Bs transmitter (3 kW) and a Telefunken LW/MW receiver type E31 (Spez. 470 Bs)). "Die Hellschreiber Apparate" , "Bedienung der Hellschreiber-Anlage" , "Störungen an den Hellschreiber-Apparaten", pp. 46-56, pp. 107-108, and pp. 150-154 in Schweizerische Armee Technisches Reglement Nr. T 179d "Die große 1,5 kW Kurzwellen-Funkstation (G 1,5 K-Station)", Provisorische Ausgabe 1944

If you have any additional information or documentation about radios that were used with the Feld-Hell, please contact me!

REFERENCES

	Ref. 2: Luftwaffen Dienstvorschriften (L.Dv.) 702/1 Heft 213: "Luftnachrichtentruppe – Ausbildung am Gerät, Teil 1 - Gerätebeschreibungen, Heft 213 - Der Feldfernschreiber", Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), 21 November 1940 [25 MB; this is the Luftwaffe Feld-Hell manual; counterpart to the Army manual D 758/1 below]
	Ref. 3:"Kurzbezeichnungen - Radio-related abbreviations of the Wehrmacht & Luftwaffe", Frank Dörenberg, N4SPP, 11/2011
	Ref. 7: "Handbook on German Military Forces", War Department Technical Manual TM-E 30-451, 15 March 1945. (revision of TM 30-450 of 17 December 1941)
	Ref. 9: "World War II Battlefield Communications", Gordon Rottman, Peter Dennis, Osprey Publ., 2010, 64 pp., ISBN-13: 978-1846038471   TO BE REFERENCED - GEN REF
	Ref. 15: page 51 in "Aus der Rüstung des Dritten Reiches (Das Heereswaffenamt 1938-1945); ein authentischer Bericht des letzten Chefs des Heereswaffenamtes“, General Emil Leeb (last chief of the Heereswaffenamt), Wehrtechnische Monatshefte (Zeitschrift für Wehrtechnik, Wehrindustrie und Wehrwirtschaft, Deutschen Gesellschaft für Wehrtechnik), Beiheft 4, May 1958, 70 pp.  [62 MB !]
	Ref. 16: last § in Section I of "Der Siemens-Hell-Feldschreiber", by Rudolf Hell's co-workers G. Ege and H. Promnitz, pp. 11-20 in "Hell - Technische Mitteilungen der Firma Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell - Gerätentwicklungen aus den Jahren 1929-1939", Nr. 1, May 1940.
	Ref. A: "German Radio Communication Equipment", US War Department Technical Manual, TME 11-227, 61 pp., June 1944
	Ref. B: "German World War II communications receivers; Parts I-IV" (Hellschreiber on pp. 1-3), Dick Rollema, PA0SE, CQ Magazine, 8/1980, 12/1980, 5/1981, 8/1981
	Ref. C: "The significance of German electronic engineering in the 1930s" by Arthur Bauer, PA0AOB, presented at the 2004 IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics (CHE2004), Bletchley Park, UK, June 2004.
	Ref. D: "Receiver and Transmitter Development in Germany 1920-1945", by Arthur Bauer, PA0AOB, IEE Int'l Conf. on 100 Years of Radio, London, September 1994
	Ref. F: "German WW II Radio Equipment”, Dick Rollema (PA0SE), Radio Bygones, Nr. 65, June/July 2000, pp. 8-12 See note 1
	Ref. G: "Telefunken WW II Superheterodyne Receiver E52 ‘Köln’ – Part 1 & Part 2”, Dick Rollema (PA0SE), Radio Bygones, Nr. 78, August/September 2002, pp. 14-18, Nr. 79, 10/11 2002, pp.  24-30  See note 1
	Ref. H: German Army Wireless Equipment - A critical survey of the mechanical and electrical features",  W. Farrar, The Royal Signals Quarterly Journal (New Series), Volume 1, Nr. 2 & 3, April 1947, p. 62-66
	Ref. I:  "Tornisterfunkgeräte b1 und k", Reinhard Helsper, Funkgeschichte, Nr. 75, 1990, pp. 6-11 See note 1  [ref. article-FG-Tornb1k-400]
	Ref J: "Tragbare Funkgeräte der Wehrmacht" [Portable radios of the Wehrmacht] Note: this book is rather worthless, Helmut Krause, Waffen-Arsenal Band 184, Podzun-Pallas-Verlag, 2000, 48 pp., ASIN: B002IKAAQO   See note 1  [ref. article-tragbare-funk-400]

Note 1: I have this document on file, but can not post it here, due to copyright reasons. Contact me if you need a copy.

TORN.E.B. RECEIVER AND 100W.S. TRANSMITTER

TornEb = Tornister-Empfänger b "Berta"

Der Tornister-Empfänger Torn.E.b ( Berta) ist ein tragbarer Batterie -Empfänger in Geradeausschaltung mit vier Röhren vom Typ RV2P800. Der Frequenzbereich geht von 100 khz bis 6670 khz in acht überlappenden Bereichen .Verwendet wird er zum Empfang tonloser Telegrafie (A1),tönend (A2) und Telefonie (A3). Stromversorgung : Anodenbatterie 90 Volt / 12 mA und Heizbatterie 2 Volt / 0.8 A (2B38) oder Wechselrichter EW.b .Der dazugehörige Sender hat die Bezeichnung 30WS oder 5WS

4x RV2P800 , 0,097-7,095 (6670?) kHz, 8 Bereiche/ranges

Maße ca. 34 x 22 x 21 cm

Gewicht: 11.3 kg

Wurde von 1935 bis 1945 produziert und es gab verschiedene Hersteller für das Militär.

Feld-Hell set-up with a Torn.E.b receiver and 100WS transmitter

(source: Appendix 2 in ref. 51)

Ref 58 to 100 WS manual

http://home.online.no/~perchri/sender_100_w_s.htm

Der Tornister-Empfänger b ("Berta"), "Torn E.b", ist ein tragbarer Empfänger für Telegraphie und Telephonie und wurde im Zeitraum 1938 - 1945 in der Kriegsmarine genutzt.

REFERENCES

	Ref. 51: Luftwaffen Dienstvorschriften (L.Dv.) 702/1 Heft 213: "Luftnachrichtentruppe – Ausbildung am Gerät, Teil 1 - Gerätebeschreibungen, Heft 213 - Der Feldfernschreiber", Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), 21 November 1940 [25 MB; this is the Luftwaffe Feld-Hell manual; counterpart to the Army manual D 758/1 below]
	Ref. 58: Luftwaffen Dienstvorschriften (L.Dv.) 702/1 Heft 152: "Luftnachrichtentruppe – Ausbildung am Gerät, Teil 1 - Gerätebeschreibungen, Heft 152 - Der 100 Watt-Sender Lgw 200-1200 kHz", Ausgabe 1940, 92 pp. (source:  the "Handbooks, papers, (official) reports, manuals and product catalogues" page of www.cdvandt.org)
	Ref. 59:"Betrieb des 100 Watt-Senders bei Anschluß eines Feldfernschreibers" [Operation of the 100 W transmitter with a Feld-Hell], Section 6 (pp. 21, 22) in "Der 100 Watt-Sender Lgw 200-1200 kHz", Luftwaffen Dienstvorschriften LDv 702/1, Heft 152 "Luftnachrichtentruppe - Ausbildung am Gerät", Heft 1 "Gerätebeschreibungen", 35 pp., Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), Nr. 7156/40, 23 September 1940
	Ref. 60:"The Torn.E.b - The German Portable Battery Receiver Type 24b-305", by R.T. Walker, G4PRI, Radio Bygones, April/May 2003
	Ref. 61: "Der Tornisterempfänger b - Vorgeschichte einer Legende", Werner Thote, Funkgeschichte, Heft 127, 1999, pp. 220-225      See note 1 [ref. article-FG-Tornb-400]
	Ref. 62:"German World War II communications receivers; Parts I-IV" (Hellschreiber in Part I, pp. 20-22, TornE.b. in Part I, pp. 25-27), Dick Rollema, PA0SE, CQ Magazine, 8/1980, 12/1980, 5/1981, 8/1981
	Ref. 48a: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (1)“, Werner Thote, pp. 20-24 in "Radiobote", Jg. 3, Heft 18, Nov-Dec 2007, pp. 20-24   See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-3-18]
	Ref. 48b: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (2)“, Werner Thote, pp. 22-26 in "Radiobote", Jg. 4, Heft 19 Jan-Feb  2008    See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-4-19]
	Ref. 48c: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (3)“, Werner Thote, pp. 20-24 in "Radiobote“, Jg. 4, Heft 20, March-April 2008   See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-4-20]

Add ref for TornEb

	"Tornister_Empfänger Spez. 976 Bs - Frequenzbereich 100 - 6670 kHz (3000 - 43 m)", Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H., Berlin, 12 pp.
	"Funkgeräte in der Arktis" [incl. 15WSEb, Lo40K39, TornEb], in "Radiobote", Heft 32, March-April 2011, pp. 20ff

1000W.S.b TRANSMITTER

1 KW-Kurzwellen-Sender "1000 W.S.b."
kommerzielle Technik, modifiziert für das Heer; 1,09-6,7 MHz; A1/A2/A3-Betrieb und Einsatz des Hellschreibers (A4-Betrieb, "Bildschreiber"); Wechselverkehr im 2-Kanal-Betrieb; offline-Kryptierung; Reichweite bis 1000 km; 3-stufiger Sender (S52lBs), 11-Röhren-Empfänger; Ferntastung- u. Fernbesprechmöglickeit; Benzinaggregat mit 380/220V Drehstrom. (Erster 1 KW-Kurzwellen-Funktrupp mit Al-A4 Betrieb im Heer)

Telefunken/Lorenz 1934

REFERENCES

15W.S.E.b TRANSCEIVER

There are few Wehrmacht radios with a specific Feld-Hell interface. One is the Telefunken 15W.S.E.b: the 15 Watt Sende-Empfänger (transmitter-receiver) Typ b. This set is also referred to as "Fu 19" (Fu 19 SE 15). It was used by the infantry, and could be installed in armored vehicles. It covers the 3000-7500 kHz frequency range in two bands. The circuitry comprises nine tubes of type RV 2,4 P 700 and three of type RL 4,8 P 15.

This transceiver has a dedicated connector that is marked "F.F Schreiber" (for "Feldfernschreiber"), or just "Schreiber".  The connector is located at the lower left-hand corner of the front panel, just above the ground lug. Note that the 15W.S.E.a (Telefunken in Berlin, starting in 1939) does not have this connector!

The 15W.S.E.b

The Feldfernschreiber connector of the 15W.S.E.b (see arrow)

This connector is for transmitting Feld-Hellschreiber signals. I do not have a schematic of the15W.S.E.b, so I don't know how the interface is wired, or if it was used for direct-keying in CW mode, or tone-keying in AM mode, and if the "Taste" (telegraphy key) connector (located at the same level, but on the right-hand side) was used in conjunction. For Hellschreiber reception, the mode switch of the transceiver is set to "Empfang Tg", for Hellschreiber transmission to "F.F Schreiber". Like the Feld-Hell, the 15.W.S.E. is housed in a carrying case ("Tornister"; ref. 48a, b, c). Size and weight of the set are 33x42x23 cm (≈13x16½x9") and 23 kg (≈51 lbs). This is similar to the Feld-Hell set: 39x45½x24 cm (≈15½x18x9½") and 25 kg (≈55 lbs).

Der 15W.S.E.b ist für Telegrafie(A1) und Telefonie (A3) im Wechselverkehr eingerichtet und besitzt einen Anschluss für einen Feldfernschreiber.Leistung ca 15 Watt HF. Wellen-Bereich : 
Weißer Bereich: 3000 kHz bis 4800 kHz .( 3 - 4,8Mhz)
Roter Bereich : 4700khz bis 7500 kHz .(4,7 - 7,5 Mhz)
Röhren :
Sender : eine Röhre RV 2,4 P 700 und drei Stück RL 4,8 P15 .
Empfänger : Acht Röhren RV 2,4 P 700

Gehäuse :  Panzerholz-Gehäuse. 41x32x22 cm
Stromversorgung mit 12 Volt Batterie und dem Umformersatz 15a mit Wechselgleichrichtersatz (E)e über einen Kabelverteiler KV 15a.

Voeding 12 V accu en omvormer U15 (U20AS ) en EWe of EWf1. When used by infantry in the field, 15 W.S.E radios powered by TM 15a hand generator and EW.f1 power supply.  When in armored fighting vehicles, 15 W.S.E radios powered by 12B75 battery, U15a dynamotor and EW.e power supply. Wechselrichtersatz (E) f1 [D1024/1] gehört zu den Stromquellen des 15-Watt-Sender-Empfängers a und b.

In Wehrmacht nomenclature, this 15-watt vehicular radio was identified as Fu 19 (Gerätesatz "Fu 19 SE 15" includes 15WSE transmitter)

Modulatie: A1, A3 en Hellschreiber. Meestal gebruikt in verbindingsvoertuigen (radiowagens). Kon echter ook in het veld m.b.v. een “Tretsatz” (fiets zonder wielen, maar met een dynamo) en een accu gevoed (en geladen) worden. U15a en EWe en15 WSEb zijn d.m.v. KV15a (Kabelverteiler) verbonden.

In fahrzeugen und Panzern: 8 m Kurbelmast, Dachantenne, Stabhochantenne, Sternantenne.

Remote operation on voice is possible up to 328.08 feet by using remote control unit "8F".

REFERENCES

	Ref. 8: "Insider"-Wissen zum 15W.S.E.b", Conrad H. von Sengbusch, Funkgeschichte (Gesellschaft der Freunde der Geschichte des Funkwesens e.V.), Heft 63, 1988, pp. 23-24, and Heft 75, 1990, pp. 16-18   See note 1 [ref. article-FG-15W-pt1, article-FG-15W-400]
	"15-Watt-Sender-Empfänger a und b (15 W.S.E.a), (15 W.S.E.b), Prüf.G.S.E. 15b (10.42)", D 1025/1, 41 pp.
	"Merkblatt zur Bedienung des 15 W.S.E.b (10.42), D 1025/6, 20 pp.
	"Truppenbetreuungsempfänger (3)" [incl. VEF, 15WSEb] in "Radiobote", Heft 24, November-December 2009, p. 18ff
	"Funkgeräte in der Arktis" [incl. 15WSEb, Lo40K39, TornEb], in "Radiobote", Heft 32, March-April 2011, pp. 20ff
	Ref. 40: “The 15-Watt Transceiver“, Chapter 2, pp. 15-22 in "Radio equipment of the Third Reich 1933-1945”, Charles J. Barger, Paladin Press, 1991, 106 pp. [listed for reference only; do not bother getting a copy: this article (in fact, the entire publication) consists primarily of errors and incorrect translations]   See note 1  [ref. article-barger-15.pdf]
	Ref. 48a: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (1)“, Werner Thote, pp. 20-24 in "Radiobote", Jg. 3, Heft 18, Nov-Dec 2007, pp. 20-24   See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-3-18]
	Ref. 48b: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (2)“, Werner Thote, pp. 22-26 in "Radiobote", Jg. 4, Heft 19 Jan-Feb  2008    See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-4-19]
	Ref. 48c: "Die Generationen der Tornisterfunkgeräte (3)“, Werner Thote, pp. 20-24 in "Radiobote“, Jg. 4, Heft 20, March-April 2008   See note 1 [ref. article-radiobote-thote-4-20]

Artikel zum Gerätewerk "VEF" 

	article incl. VEF B 417 Gerätebeschreibung, Conrad von Sengbusch, in "Funk", Nr. 4, 1989,  pp. ??
	"Technikmuseum RIGA "Palast der Technik"", Conrad von Sengbusch, in "Funk", Nr. 2, 1993, pp. ??

HA5K39C TRANSCEIVER

Hagenuk 5 watt shortwave transceiver, EIS 1939.

Connector block in lower LH corner: "Taste od. T.Bild-Schr:" = "Taste oder Typenbildschreiber" = telegraphy key or Hellschreiber keying (some models only "Taste")

Designed in Kiel, wurde später wohl in Werken in Österreich in Lizenz gefertigt. 3-6 MHz, 5 watt

Widely used by the Kriegsmarine on (small) ships, land installations, motorized land reccon vehicles.

The transmitter had three stages (modulation stage with a doubling circuit and a power amplifier with 1xRV12P2000 and 1xRL12P10). The tone generator served in a dual role as the microphone amplifier (1x RV12P2000) was configured for A1-operation. The receiver had three stages with three vacuum tubes as an HF band filter, HF stage, detector, and an AF stage (3xRV12P2000).

REFERENCES

LO 6 L 39 RECEIVER

Lo 6 L 39: Lo = Lorenz, 6 = six tuned stages, "L" = "Langwellen" = longwave, 39 = 1939 = year of entry into service.

Lo6L39 = E03750

three tuned HF stages, reaction detector and audio amplifier

75 - 1599 kHz in 8 bands/ranges; 6th tube is calibration oscillator

6x RV 12 P 2000 + 1x Te 30 + 1x STV 159/20.

Sensitivity: 2 microvolts for A1 and 4 to 6 microvolts for A2, A3

Modulation A1/A2/A3

Lo6L39a: a = ceramic capacitors; without "a" : mica capacitors

Size (HxWxD) = ca. 54x50x32 cm tbc

Weight: 65 kg (≈143 lbs) tbc

[Kriegsmarine ops]: possibly also use Hell with the Lo6K39 ("K" = "Kurzwellen" = shortwave) = E03237; matching transmitter: Lo40K39, 40 or 70 watt (AM vs CW)

Some ships of the Kriegsmarine alo carried a Presse Hell printer on board. E.g., the  "Prinz Eugen" (a heavy cruiser of the Hipper Class) had one in the Gefechtsnachrichtenzentrale (GNZ, battle communications room, i.e., not one of the ship's three radio rooms), ref. 72. It was used in combination with a Lorenz Lo6L39 longwave receiver.

REFERENCES

	Ref. 72: "Kreuzer Prinz Eugen: Unter 3 Flaggen", Paul Schmalenbach, Koehler Verlag, 1978, 240 pp.
	"German World War II communications receivers; Parts I-IV" (Hellschreiber in Part I, pp. 20-22, TLo6K39 in Part II, pp. 17-21), Dick Rollema, PA0SE, CQ Magazine, 8/1980, 12/1980, 5/1981, 8/1981
	Lo6K39: "Lorenz Short Wave Receiver Lo6K39a (=E03237) - The Ultimate Tuned Radio Frequency Set?", Dick Rollema (PA0SE)
	"Lo6L39  Beschreibung  Plan", 3rd ed., Nr. 75/384, August 1941
	"Lo6K39a  Beschreibung  Plan", 6th ed., Nr.75/383, August 1944
	"Den legendariske Lorenz sender Lo 40 k 39", Niels Christian Bahnson (OZ7NB), OZ - Medlemsblatt Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører, Nr.3 p. 169, nr.4 pp. 228-229, nr. 5 p. 292

LO70KL40 TRANSCEIVER

Lo 70 KL 40 ("Marine Gustav") transceiver for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, via shortwave (1.5-7.5 MHz, 3 bands) and longwave (300-600 kHz). Modulation: A1 (unmodulated telegraphy), A2 (modulated telegraphy), A3 (AM)

Designed by C. Lorenz AG, Berlin-Tempelhof, built in occupied Czechoslovakia by the company Telegrafia, akc. spol., in Pardubice (ca. 130 km east of Praha / Prague).  Founded in 1919, nationalized in 1946 and absorbed into TESLA Narodny Podnik conglomerate.

Lo 70 KL 40: Lorenz, 70 W output power (shortwave), shortwave (K) and longwave (L), Es ist eine Entwicklung
der Firma C. Lorenz AG aus dem Jahre 1940.

"Das Gerät ist eingerichtet für den Betrieb mit dem Feldschreiber von Siemens & Halske"

Marine --> Kriegsmarine used Feld-Hell?

"Typenbild Empf." connector : (Abb. 8 + p. 31 in manual) "Empfänger" is in parallel with "Kopfhörer" (headset) output

"Typenbild Send." connector: (Abb. 7 + 12 + p. 31 in manual): 400 V Tastung "unmittelbar durch den Hellschreiber, ohne Zwischenschaltung eines relais", Bremsgitter

§19 "Betriebsart "Typenbild-Senden"

§20 "Betriebsart "Typenbild-Empfang"

§40 "Tasten bei "Typenbild-Senden""

16? tubes in total

RX : 7-stage superhet (1st RF (1x tube), 2nd RF (1x tube), Mixer (1x tube), 1st IF (2x tube), 2nd IF (2x tube), 3rd IF (2x tube), AF (1x tube)) 10 tubes, all RV 12 P 2000 (add link)

TX: 2x  LS 50 tubes; minimum output power: 40 W (longwave), 70 W (shortwave)

PSU: 3 tubes :  2x RG 62, 1x AZ11

Bedienungsgerät: 4x tube RV12P2000

Dimensions:
- Radios - common metal box (578 x 440 x 367 mm)
- Aerial part (228 x 440 x 367 mm);
with 814 x 440 x 367 mm;
- The power supply: 560 x 400 x 267 mm. Power: 110/220 VAC, 500 VA or 24 VDC / 22 Amps (with dynamotor + selenium rectifier)

REFERENCES

"Beschreibung und Bedienungsanweisung für das Marine-Kleinfunkgerät Lo 79 KL 40 (Marine Gustav)", Beschreibung 75/699, 1000.10.42, C/1485, November 1943, 141 pp.; source www.cdvandt.org

TELEFUNKEN AS 1008 TRANSMITTER

Freq: 2.5 - 10 MHz

Sendarten: A1, A2, A3, und Hellschreiben

HxWxD: 1.67 x 0.51 x 0.54 m

190 kg

REFERENCES

"200-W-Kurzwellensender", Telefunken product brochure, W.B. 202 D (2000) C/0979, 11/1939, 4 pp.; source www.cdvandt.org

TELEFUNKEN AS 59 TRANSMITTER

Telefunken, 200-W-Kurzwellensender, fixed-base/mobile/ship-board

2.5-20 MHz , 6 bands

Operating modes: modulation A1/A2/A3, "Hellschreiber tonlos und tönend" = "A4"

Tubes: RL 12 T 15 (2x) , RS 391 (2x), STV 280/80 (2x)

Power: at least 200 watt (A1), at least 50 watt (A2, A3)

HxWxD: 52½ x 69 x 47½ cm

Weight: 100 kg

AS59 interfaces - with Hellschreiber keying input ("Hell-Taste")

Also used in the "Maikäfer" stations, to report A4-missile launches ("V2") to headquarters, p. N2 in "The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program", C. Reuter, S.R. Research & Publishing; 2nd ed., 2000, 208 pp.

Germany also sold 12 of these sets to Spain in 1943. Source: http://www.forosegundaguerra.com/viewtopic.php?t=1668

Post-war (ca. 1949)

Die deutschen Funknachrichtenanlagen bis 1945, Band 2

The transmitter was licensed and produced in Switzerland?

REFERENCES

	; source www.cdvandt.org

T9K39 RECEIVER

Telefunken T 9 k 39 ("Main"), 1.5 - 25 MHz

Ausgang des Empfängers: 1. 10V für Kopfhörer, 2. 1V für einen Hellschreiber bzw. für einen nachgeschalteten Verstärker.

http://www.agder.net/la8ak/24m.htm  

REFERENCES

TELEFUNKEN T 200 FK 39 TRANSMITTER

"Der Sender ist für zusammenarbeit mit einem tragbaren Typenbildschreiber geeignet": The transmitter is suited for operation in combination with a portable Hellschreiber (i.e., Hell Feldfernschreiber, "Feld-Hell")

Keying input  of the T200FK39 for a Hellschreiber sender ("Hell-geber")

(source: figure 21 in ref. 1)

REFERENCES

	Ref. 1: "Sender T 200 FK 39, Netzanschlußgerät T 200 FK-K-L 39, Einbau- und Bedienungsvorschrift für Sender T 200 FK 39" [shortwave transmitter], Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H, Berlin-Zehlendorf, , FN/Lit. Nr. 1561, Ausgabe 585 Kt., 36 pp.; source www.cdvandt.org
	Ref. 2: "Sender T 200 FK 39", description by Arthur Bauer, PA0AOB.

S521B TRANSMITTER (1 kW)

S521Bs-1kW transmitter   

vs. 1 KW-Kurzwellen-Sender "1000 W.S.b." ??
kommerzielle Technik, modifiziert für das Heer; 1,09-6,7 MHz; A1/A2/A3-Betrieb und Einsatz des Hellschreibers (A4-Betrieb, "Bildschreiber"); Wechselverkehr im 2-Kanal-Betrieb; offline-Kryptierung; Reichweite bis 1000 km; 3-stufiger Sender (S52lBs), 11-Röhren-Empfänger; Ferntastung- u. Fernbesprechmöglichkeit; Benzinaggregat mit 380/220V Drehstrom. (Erster 1 KW-Kurzwellen-Funktrupp mit Al-A4 Betrieb im Heer)
 

WxHxD = 1.8m x 1.6m x 1 m

740 kg

Telefunken/ Lorenz AG

REFERENCES

Ref. 33: "Telefunken 1 kW-Kurzwellensender Type: S 521 Bs" [short-wave transmitter], Telefunken datasheet W B. 172 D (2000), ca. 11/1937, 2 pp.; source www.cdvandt.org

S366B TRANSMITTER (1.5 kW)

S366Bs-1kW5 transmitter

vs 1500 W.S.a? 1500 W Lorenz transmitter
WxHxD 2x1.58x1.01m
Weight: 655 kg
Power: 380/220 V, 8 kVA

Range: Telefonie / Hellschreiben / Bildfunk etwa 300 ... 600 km.
Anschluß für Hellschreiber [für 900 Hz Trägerfrequenz], Bildfunk [für 4 kHz carrier], und Impulsgeber.
Main switch for operating mode:
tuning (reduced power)
hard-keyed unmodulated telegraphy
soft-keyed unmodulated telegraphy
Hellschreiber
Bildfunk
Telefonie
modulated telegraphy (700, 1000, 1300, or 1600 Hz)
Impulsgeber

REFERENCES

Ref. 34: "Telefunken 1,5 kW-Langwellensender Type: S 366 Ba" [long-wave transmitter], Telefunken datasheet W B. 171 D (2000), ca. 11/1937, 2 pp.; source www.cdvandt.org

SWEDISH ARMY

During the latter half of the 1930s, the Feld-Hell was evaluated in combination with the 10 W Br m/39 ("10 watts bärbar radiostation m/39") portable transceiver (2.5-5.0 MHz transmit, 1.3-6.1 MHz receive, CW/AM), the 30 W Kr m/29 ("30 watts kärr-radiostation m/29") mobile radio (1.5-3.0 MHz transmit, 0.3-3.0 MHz receive, A1/A2 modulation), and the 100 W Ft m/38 . Ref. 35, 36

The Feld-Hell entered service with the Royal Signal Regiment of the Swedish Army in 1942. Wired operation was over military communications networks and the public telephone system. Their Sats Tc 33 Feld-Hell set (initially army stock number (Mtlrnr) Tc 90240, later M3963-105211) came complete with two 12 V / 85 Ah battery packs. An attenuator (Tc 21115) could be plugged into the Siemens keying-device (army stock nr. Tc 20033, later M3936-105219), to reduce the output signal to a level that was compatible with the phone system. Ref. 35. Commercial negotiations between Siemens and the Swedish Air Force about Feld-Hell machines and "Presse Hell" type office equipment (5 cps), date back to ca. 1941 (cf. pp. 119-120 in ref.  18).

Per ref. 1 (p. 47), the Swedish army used the Feld-Hell ("Hellskrivapparat" or "Hellskrivare") with the following set-ups:

	75 W Tp transmitter - directly keyed by the character drum; the 75 W Tp system remained in use (without Hellschreiber) until the early 1970s!
	250 W Bl ("250 watts bilradiostation"). This is a 1.3-9.0 MHz radio truck. The transmitter was operated with Hell tone-pulses via the microphone input.
	800 W Bl ("800 watts bilradiostation"). This is a 2.3-9.0 MHz radio truck, with a receiver for 200 kHz - 10 MHz. In Hell-mode, the CW transmitter was operated via a keying device. Ref. 17, 18.

REFERENCES

	Ref. 1: "Instruktion för Hellskriv-apparat", Kungl Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning, SiB/040:3045, 13 July 1945, 40 pp. (courtesy Willi Reppel, SM6OMH)
	Ref. 17: "Tunga fordonsburna radiostationer - En sammanställning från 1917 tram till 2000-talet" [Heavy motorized radio stations - a summary from 1917 to the 2000s], Sven Bertilsson, 11 page presentation.
	Ref. 18: "Flygvapnets radiosystem - Del 1. 1916-1945, avsnitt 2" [air force radio systems], Arne Larsson, 2009-10-13, F13/09, 164 pp. [9 MB]
	Ref. 35: personal communication from K.-G. Strid, SM6FJB, January 2011.
	Ref. 36: "Provisorisk instruktion för hellskrivapparat för fältbruk” [“Provisional instructions for the Hell printing apparatus for field use”), Kungl. Arméförvaltningens Tygdepartement, 2. Materielbyrån (Royal Army Administration Ordnance Department, 2nd Materiel Bureau), Stockholm, 1940.

Pricing information for the Hellschreibers of the Swedish army and air force and the Swiss army, is provided on the "Original Siemens Hell equipment prices" page.

BERNHARD/BERNHARDINE AND GOLIATH

At this point, I would like to mention two more military transmitters that were used for sending messages in  Hellschreiber format. One is the Luftwaffe FuSAn 724/725 radio navigation station ("Bernhard"). It used the Hellschreiber format to send the azimuth of the rotating antenna to aircraft equipped with a FuG120 Hell-printer ("Bernhardine"). The same communication channel was also used to data link command text messages (uplink only). Both the FuSAN 724/725 and the FuG120 are discussed on the "Other Siemens-built Hellschreibers" page.

The second one is the gigantic transmitter-plus-antenna system that was appropriately named "Goliath". In its time, it was by far (!) the most powerful tube (valve) transmitter with tunable frequency: up to 1 Megawatt at 15-60 kHz. Ref. 40, 20a, 20b, 53, 62.

	CW ("Morse") telegraphy: 15-60 kHz (primary frequency: 16.55 kHz)
	Hellschreiber: 30-60 kHz
	Voice/phone: 45-60 KHz; voice quality was rather low, probably due to the very small bandwidth of the very-high-Q antenna system. With the same modulation, Hellschreiber could be operated down to 30 kHz, at which the bandwidth was too small for voice transmission.

It was used by the Kriegsmarine (Navy) for transmitting messages to submarines around the world (uni-directional, multicast). CW and Hellschreiber messages  could be sent in combination with the famous Enigma encryption system (ref. 29, 30, 61).

Goliath is referred to as a "Längstwellensender", i.e., a transmitter operating in the VLF (Very Low Frequency) band: 3 - 30 kHz, equivalent to a wavelength of 10 - 100 km. As Goliath could be tuned between 15 and 60 kHz, it is actually a VLF/LF system. This frequency range was used because it provides world-wide coverage, and these radio signals penetrate seawater sufficiently to reach submerged submarines. Penetration depth ("skin depth") depends on factors such as transmitter power, antenna efficiency, and seawater properties (salinity, temperature, density,...). The table on p. 247 of ref. 20a lists communication ranges (from Berlin) and antenna depths that were achieved with Goliath at various frequencies. E.g., at the primary frequency (16.55 kHz): 8-12 m (≈25-40 ft) in the Golf of Aden (8200 km, ≈5100 mi) and near Cape Town (9300 km, ≈5800 mi); 8-25 m (≈25-80 ft) throughout the North Sea and across the northern Atlantic to New York. Submarines were equipped with 13-33 kHz VLF receivers (Telefunken Peil-Überlagerungsempfänger "T 3 PL Lä 38") and a turnable loop antenna. At even lower radio frequencies (ELF) such as 0.1 kHz, depths of 300 m (1000 ft) can be reached

Note that most other high-power LF/VLF transmitters of the era still were enormous machine-generators. I.e., the continuous carrier frequency was generated mechanically, without radio tubes. Most notably is the Alexanderson alternator, dating back to the early 1900s. Ref. 60. The only surviving Alexanderson transmitter is located at Grimeton (near Varberg, in Alexanderson's home country Sweden). It is still operated twice a year (Alexanderson's Day and Christmas) on 17.2 kHz,  with the callsign SAQ.

The telegraphy speed of Goliath's Hellschreiber communication is unknown. As a reference: today's US Navy VLF/LF (14-60 kHz) installations use 50 Bd transmission speed. Above 45 kHz, Goliath was suitable for low-quality voice/phone  transmissions. This is quite adequate for transmission of Hell-pulses at 2.5 chars/sec (122.5 Bd, Feld-Hell), and probably even OK for 5 chars/sec ("Presse Hell"). For Hellschreiber transmissions, the modulator of Goliath was in the same configuration as used for AM voice/phone transmissions. That is: Hellschreiber tone pulses were used, rather than on-off-keying of Goliath in CW mode. Between 30 and 45 kHz, the bandwidth of the Goliath system was insufficient for voice communication, but usable for Hellschreiber. Note that some Kriegsmarine ships carried a "Presse Hell" printer (i.e., to receive broadcasts, not for 2-way communication"). The Hell company also built special Hellschreiber models - with keyboard -for the Kriegsmarine (e.g., NS2 and NS3), but their telegraphy speed is unknown.

The Goliath antenna and transmitter installations were located just outside the town of Calbe-an-der-Milde (Calbe on the river Milde), about 135 km (≈85 mi) west-northwest of Berlin, ca. 65 km (≈40 mi) north of Magdeburg.  In 1952 Calbe was renamed to "Kalbe", to avoid confusion with the town of Calbe-an-der-Saale, ca. 30 km south of Magdeburg. The location was primarily selected because of the properties of the soil: being conducive to VLF propagation.

Goliath was remote-controlled from what today would be called the C³ (command, control, communication) center  of the Kriegsmarine. This center, code name "Koralle", was located just north of Bernau, some 20 km northeast of Berlin. Ref. 22, 63. The Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine (OKM, Supreme Command of the Navy) - including the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) Grand-Admiral Karl Dönitz - had been moved here in January of 1943, due to the increasing risk of bombing raids on Berlin. The location of the (fully destroyed) C³ bunker at "Koralle" is marked on this map (Dönitz's villa is still there). Ref. 32. Goliath was linked to "Koralle" (145 km away, ≈90 mi) via the communication network of the Wehrmacht. The Reichspost had put the required transmitter-keying and phone lines in place in 1942. Note that tuning of the transmitter and antennas was not remote-controlled. Goliath was hooked up to the public electrical power network (Fernleitungsnetz), with diesel generator backup. Goliath had the BdU callsigns ÄDA and DÄP, as did the BdU transmitters at Nauen (ref. 27).

Construction of Goliath took 27 months, and was completed during the spring of 1943. The transmitter was developed and constructed by C. Lorenz A.G. of Berlin-Tempelhof. Lorenz became part of the American company International Telephone and Telegraph (I.T.T.) in 1930. In 1948 the name was changed to Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL). 

ANTENNAS

The 15-60 kHz operating frequency range of Goliath is equivalent to a wavelength range of 5-20 km (≈3-12 mi). This implies very large antennas. The Goliath "antenna farm" comprised three top-loaded monopole antennas (TLMAs), spaced 800 m (½ mi). They are sometimes referred to as a variation on the 1920s Alexanderson-antenna (ref. 26). The three monopole antennas of Goliath were 204 m tall (≈670 ft), about 2/3 the height of the Eiffel tower. Each of these antennas was a zinc-plated steel tube-mast ("Stahlrohrmast") with a diameter of 1.7 m (≈6 ft).

The base of each tube-mast was insulated from ground with two large porcelain insulators, each with a large metal collar. This provided 300 kV isolation even during rain. This approach was patented (ref. 41) by Hein, Lehman & Co., Eisenkonstruktionen, Brücken- und Signalbau of Berlin-Reinickendorf, incorporated in 1888 (sheet metal, steel constructions, bridges, railway signals, hangars for "Zeppelin" dirigibles). This company had a department ("Abt. Funkbau") that constructed and installed (very) large antenna masts and towers ("Funkmaste, Funktürme"), primarily for Telefunken. E.g., the Funkturm (radio tower) in Berlin-Charlottenburg (1926), the antennas for the Langwellensender at Lahti/Finland (1928), at Nauen/Germany, Kootwijk/The Netherlands, and Sidney/Australia.

Logo of Hein, Lehman & Co.

Porcelain-insulator base of one the Goliath tube-masts (300 kV during rain)

(source: ref. 20b)

The Goliath antenna radiator of 204 m is quite large compared to human scale, but extremely short (≈1%) with respect to the wavelength of Goliath transmissions (5-20 km!). This gives the antenna a large inductive reactance. To counteract this, and increase antenna efficiency, the antennas were equipped with an enormous capacitive "hat" ("Dachkapazität") at the top. Each radiator had a hexagonal "hat" comprising six sets of six radial wires. The radial wires of the Goliath "hats" were aluminium cables (2.5 cm (1") diameter), strengthened with a steel cable at the core. Combined length of the radials was about 50 km (≈31 mi). These wires look like the ribs of an umbrella. Hence this type of antenna is also called an umbrella-antenna ("Schirmantenne").

A real umbrella-antenna

(source: Radiobote, Jg. 5, Heft 27, May-June 2010, p. 22)

Each of the the antenna radiators had a variable tuning coil. These coils were enormous variometers, comprising a fixed coil (3.5 m diameter, ≈11½ft), into which a slightly smaller coil (3.2m diameter) could be inserted hydraulically with a precision of 0.1 mm! The coils were 5 m tall (16 ft) and weighed about 5000 kg (11k lbs). The main tuning coil, similarly massive, was housed in the transmitter building. A frequency change was a two-man job, and took about 5 minutes.

Side and bottom of an antenna tuning coil (one for each of the tube masts)

(source: ref. 23)

To support the radials of the capacitive hat, there were six truss-masts (lattice masts, "Gittermast") for each of the three radiator masts.  By sharing support masts, their total number was reduced from 18 to 15.  The truss-masts were 170 m (558 ft) tall, and had a triangular cross-section with sides of 3 m (≈10 ft). These masts were grounded and had no RF function. The radials were also insulated from these masts.

All tube- and truss-masts were stayed with guy wires at three heights and in three directions. This type of antenna was later also used for VLF  long-distance radio navigation systems such as OMEGA and LORAN-C.

The antenna system included an extensive of system of buried ground radials. There were four sections of 204 radials each. According to the Lorenz company, the total length of the radials was at least 350 km (≈220 mi; ref. 45). Other sources mention as much as 465 km (per the construction supervisor, architect R. Breither; this may have included feed lines; ref. 20b. The radials were made of zinc-plated steel bands (20 cm x 2 mm and 30 cm x 2 mm), at a depth of 30-40 cm. At this point in the war, copper had become scarce. Solder joints were zinc-plated with a mobile galvanizing unit. To increase the effectiveness of the ground radials, the soil was kept moist. There were ditches and a dozen ponds that served as water reservoirs for irrigation. Ref. 45.

The complete antenna system had a very impressive efficiency: 47% at 15 kHz, and as much as 90% at 60 kHz.

Diagrammatic top view of the three umbrella antennas

Diagrammatic side view of the antennas

(source: figure 2-11 in ref. 28)

Goliath tube-mast (foreground: anchor of one of the guy wires of the tube-mast)

(source: ref. 23)

Base of a Goliath truss-mast

(source: ref. 23)

Looking down from a tube-mast, to a truss-mast 34 m (≈100 ft) below

(source: ref. 23)

The fenced-in area of the Goliath "antenna farm" had the shape of an equilateral triangle, with sides of about 2.4 km (≈1.5 miles). The surface area of 2,63 km² is equivalent to about 320 soccer fields or 490 US football fields! The image sequence immediately below shows the terrain, the location of the three main masts, an overlay of the umbrella antennas, and some dimensions.

Goliath antenna farm and transmitter & control building - annotated image sequence

Below is an interactive map with the same 18 antenna mast locations. Locations marked with are exact. Click on any marker icon to get the associated information. You can click-and-drag the map with your mouse, and zoom in & out with your mouse-wheel (or use the buttons in the top left-hand corner of the map). The position of the truss-masts is marked with  ; their exact location cannot be determined in the satellite image, except for the one marked with.

The Goliath site with marked location of the 18 masts

Click here for a larger view of this map in a separate window.

TRANSMITTER

The Goliath transmitter comprises a modulator ("Steuersender") and a 3-stage power amplifier ("Hauptsender"). Only Telefunken tubes (valves) were used. The modulator has three tubes: RL 12 T 15, RL 12 P 35, and RS 384. The modulator had an output of 500-600 W. The first stage of the amplifier has two RS 217 tubes (of which one standby spare), the second stage has six tubes of type RS 250 (of which two standby spares), and the final stage has six tubes of type RS 301 (ref. 25). The latter are arranged as parallel push-pull pairs. Ref. 20a. These tubes were water-cooled, stood 1.9 m tall (≈ 6'3"), and weighed about 90 kg (≈ 200 lbs); ref. 45, 46. Cooling was provided with distilled water, at  a minimum flow of 48 m³ per hour (capacity was twice that). Via heat-exchangers, the dissipated heat was transferred to a second cooling system (tap water) with two cooling towers.

The first and second stage were Class-B push-pull amplifiers. The final stage was operated with Class-C anode modulation for CW transmissions, and with Class-B anode modulation for voice/phone and Hellschreiber tone pulses. Ref. 20a, 20b, 31. In CW mode, when the transmitter was not keyed "on", half of the six tubes in the final stage acted as dummy loads. This was done to avoid large fluctuations on the regional public power grid. Otherwise lights in the region would blink in the rhythm of the Morse characters. The maximum output current of the transmitter was 2500 amps, which was equally distributed to the three antennas (700 amps each) and a central feed point (400 amps).

The Telefunken RS 301 tube

(source: ref. 25)

A single RS 301 cost 8400 Reichsmark (almost six times the annual salary of the average factory worker in 1937), making a six-pack as expensive as a V2 missile. A complete set of tubes cost over 106k Reichsmark (ref. 45).

The final stage of the transmitter amplifier, with RS 301 tubes

(source: ref. 23)

The transmitter and control room

(source: ref. 23)

Electrical power was provided by the three-phase 50 kV regional power grid, first reduced to 15 kV with local transformers. Two dozen AEG mercury vapor rectifier tubes of type S15/150i (also water-cooled) were used to rectify the AC power. Backup power was provided by an 1800 kVA AEG  generator, powered by a 2110 hp MAN diesel engine.

Goliath was never the target of allied bombing raids (just like the U-boats that served as worldwide weather reporting stations, and most factories that belonged to US consortiums). Intercepted and decoded messages provided invaluable information about U-boat command and the location of U-boat packs. It was also used as a navigation landmark.

The table below list some other high-power transmitters that were for transmissions to U-Boats.

Some other transmitters for communication to U-Boats (ca. 1943)

(source: ref. 39)

POST-WAR

The US army reached the Goliath site on 11 April 1945. They used it as a POW-camp (ref. 44).  Towards the end of May 1945, it was handed off to the British. Based on the Yalta Treaty, the area was in the Soviet-controlled zone, and the Soviets took over at the beginning of July 1945. The POW-camp was dissolved at the end of that same month. The Soviets had the Goliath installation repaired and tested. It was fully dismantled by April 1947 and shipped to Russia in over 3000 (!) rail wagons. By 1952, it was rebuilt near Druzhnyy, about 18 km south of Gorky (renamed Nizhny Novgorod in 1990). The Druzhnyy area presumably has similar soil conditions as at Calbe. It is still operated to this day (2010) by the Russian navy, who use it for communication with submarines (surprise!) and to transmit time signals (station RJH99).

Goliath - rebuilt at Druzhnyy

 A satellite image of the current Goliath site is provided below.

 
The current site of Goliath with marked location of the 18 masts

Click here for a larger view of this map in a separate window.

REFERENCES

	Ref. 20a: "Der Längstwellensender GOLIATH bei Calbe an der Milde von 1941 bis 1945", Klaus Herold, Appendix VI (pp. 236-275) in "Funkpeilung als alliierte Waffe gegen deutsche U-Boote 1939-1945: Wie Schwächen und Versäumnisse bei der Funkführung der U-Boote zum Ausgang der Schlacht im Atlantik beigetragen haben" ["Huff Duff versus German U-boat wireless communications 1939-1945"], Arthur O. Bauer, Ralph Erskine, Klaus Herold, Liebuch Funk GmbH, 1997, 323 pp., ISBN-13: 978-3000021428.
	Ref. 20b: "Der Längstwellensender Goliath bei Kalbe (Milde), Klaus Herold, pp. 169-190 in "100 Jahre Funktechnik in Deutschland: Funksendestellen rund um Berlin",  Wolfgang Behnke, Vol. 1 of "100 Jahre Funktechnik in Deutschland", Wissenschaft-und-Technik Verlag, 3rd ed. 2004, 342 pp., ISBN: 3-936124-65-5  See note 1  [ref. article-laengstwellen-04]
	Ref. 21: "Langwellen- und Längstwellenfunk", Gerd Klawitter, Klaus Herold, Michael Oexner, 2000, 3rd ed., Siebel Verlag, 219 pp., ISBN 3896320432, 9783896320438  TO BE REFERENCED
	Ref. 22: "Deckname "Koralle": Chronik der zentralen Marine-Funkleitstelle für U-Boot-Operationen im Zweiten Weltkrieg", Hans J. Richter, Wolf-Dieter Holz, Heinrich-Jung-Verlagsgesellschaft, 2002, 240 pp., ISBN 3930588587/978-3930588589
	Ref. 23: "Goliath" page of the website "Geschichten über Kalbe (Milde) - Artikel und Aufsätzte", by Henning Krüger
	Ref. 24: "Marine-Funkstation „GOLIATH“ bei Kalbe (Milde), Deutschland", Chapter 1 in "Geschichte der Militäreinheit 36026", B. G. Tschurotschkin (Churochkin)    TO BE REFERENCED
	Ref. 25: "TELEFUNKEN Senderöhren RS 300, RS 301, RS 315, RS 329, RS 331, RS 337", Telefunken product brochures K.R.B.48 D (4000), K.R.B. 69 D (4000), K.R.B. 117 DIII (10000), K.R.B. 113 D (5000), K.R.B.82 D I (5000). Source: www.cdvandt.org.
	Ref. 26: "Antenna", E.F.W. Alexanderson, United States Patent 1,360,167 (filing date: 13-Sept-1917, publication date: 23-Nov-1920).
	Ref. 27: "Die Funkführung der U-Boote in der Praxis", Chapter 8 (pp. 154-168) in "Funkpeilung als alliierte Waffe gegen deutsche U-Boote 1939-1945: Wie Schwächen und Versäumnisse bei der Funkführung der U-Boote zum Ausgang der Schlacht im Atlantik beigetragen haben" ["Huff Duff versus German U-boat wireless communications 1939-1945"], Arthur O. Bauer, Ralph Erskine, Klaus Herold, Liebuch Funk GmbH, 1997, 323 pp., ISBN-13: 978-3000021428. Source: www.cdvandt.org.
	Ref. 28: "Antennas and Wave Propagation", Vol. 7 of "Electronics Technician", Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, NAVEDTRA 14092, 1995.
	Ref. 29: "Picking News Out of the Air; Services Put Radio to Work", Newsweek (US ed.), Vol. 19, 2 February 1942, pp. 62-63
	Ref. 30: "Enigma", [incl. PA0AOB Hellschreiber] D.W. Rollema (PA0SE), Wireless World, Vol. 89, Nr. 1569, June 1983, p. 49-54
	Ref. 31: pp. 223-225 in "Informationstechnik, Geschichte & Hintergründe", Joachim Beck, Band 2 of "Blitz und Anker", 1st ed., 2005, Books on Demand Gmbh, 636 pp., ISBN 3833429976/978-3833429972"
	Ref. 32: "Bunker und Anlagen der Deutschen Seekriegs-Marine", source: website "der Bunker-Kundschafter"
	Ref. 39: p. 271 in "A távírótól a rádióig - A rádiótechnika története az 1800-as évektől a II. világháborúig"., Balás B. Dénes, Ad Librum, Budapest, 2009, 344 pp., ISBN: 978-963-9934-19-1
	Ref. 41: "Verfahren zum zugspannungsfreien Einbau des Fußisolators für Antennenmaste", Franz Bräckerbohm (Hein, Lehmann & Co.), Patentschrift Nr. 722055, Reichspatentamt, filed 23 December 1938, awarded 14 May 1942
	Ref. 43: "Marine-Funkstation „GOLIATH“ bei Kalbe M.", pp. 36-72 in "Vergessene Funksendestellen in der Altmark“, Friedrich-Wilhelm Schultz, Schriftenreihe Heft 21 der Schiffahrtsgeschichtlichen Gesellschaft OSTSEE e.V., 2002   See note 1 [ref. article-schultz-goliath]  TO BE REFERENCED
	Ref. 44: "Das POW-Lager der Alliierten auf dem Gelände des „GOLIATH“", pp. 73-100 in "Vergessene Funksendestellen in der Altmark“, Friedrich-Wilhelm Schultz, Schriftenreihe Heft 21 der Schiffahrtsgeschichtlichen Gesellschaft OSTSEE e.V., 2002   See note 1 [ref. article-schultz-goliath-POW]
	Ref. 45: "Der technische Aufbau des Senders „GOLIATH“", pp. 101-106 in "Vergessene Funksendestellen in der Altmark“, Friedrich-Wilhelm Schultz, Schriftenreihe Heft 21 der Schiffahrtsgeschichtlichen Gesellschaft OSTSEE e.V., 2002   See note 1 [ref. article-schultz-goliath-appendix]
	Ref. 46: "Wassergekühlte Senderöhren (Großleistungsröhren)“, F. Banneitz, A. Gehrts, pp. 214-231 in "Elektrische Nachrichten-Technik" (E.N.T.), Band 11, Heft 6, 1934; also in "Mitteilungen aus dem Reichspostzentralamt“, Bd. XVIII, Berlin 1936, pp. 117 [RS 255, RS 266, RD 267, RS 300, incl. prices]  [48 MB]
	Ref. 53: "The Alexanderson alternator, a “near perfect” system of W/T transmission", K. Weedon, Proc. Int'l Conf. on 100 Years of Radio, 5-7 Sept. 1995, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 411, pp. 69-70
	Ref. 60: "Swedish submarine comminication during 100 years, the role of Ernst F.W: Alexanderson, and how the Royal Swedish Navy helped Varberg radio at Grimeton (SAQ) to world heritage status", Carl-Henrik Walde, Tidskrift 1 - Sjöväsendet, Kungl. Örlogsmannsällskapet, Nr. 4, 2006, pp. 379-392.
	Ref. 61: "Chiffriermaschinen und Entzifferungsgeräte im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Technikgeschichte und informatikhistorische Aspekte", Michael Pröse, PhD dissertation, Techn. Univ. Chemnitz, 2004, 219 pp.
	Ref. 62: "Meilensteine der Großsendertechnik", Erich Schulze-Herringen, Erich Heinecke, Felix Gerth, pp. 68-72 in "75 Jahre Lorenz 1880-1955", Festschrift der C. Lorenz AG, Conradi & Co., 1956, 272 pp.
	Ref. 63: "Deckname "Koralle"" (Part 1-6, Fortsetzung und Schluß, Nachtrag), Hans J. Richter, in "Funkgeschichte - Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Freunde der Geschichte des Funkwesens (GFGF)"; pp. 4-17 in Nr. 94, 1994; pp. ?? in Nr. 95, 1994; pp. 87-97 in Nr. 101, 1995; pp. 153-162 in Nr. 102, 1995; pp. 51-58 in Nr. 107, 1996; pp. 104-111 in Nr. 109, 1996; pp. 67-74 in Nr. 95, 1994; p. 101 in Nr. 148, 2003. Also: “Leserbrief mit Hinweisen zum RECTRON-Beitrag aus FG 148”, Werner Diedrich, pp. 286-287 in Nr. 151, 2003

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