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[News Agencies using Hellcasts] [Early "Presse Hell" models]
["T empf 12" printer] ["T empf 14" printer] ["T send 18b" keyboard-sender with printer]
HELLSCHREIBER - PERFECT FOR NEWS AGENCIES The Hellschreiber was invented and developed with the objective of creating a very simple teleprinter system for use by press agencies via wireless communication (Rudolf Hell, p. 2 and §10b in ref. 5). Indeed, it revolutionized the telecommunication of news agencies world-wide. This was basically unequalled until the next revolution some forty years later: introduction of computer-supported telecommunication. Hellschreiber competed with Morse code telegraphy, start-stop teleprinters (typically with 5-bit character encoding), and "Pressefunk" ("spoken voice" radio-transmission of press messages, also generically referred to as "Sprechfunk").
The Hellschreiber system had a number of compelling advantages:
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No need for Morse telegraphy stenographers, who could make copy mistakes (and received a salary). |
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Like other teleprinter systems of the era, the Hellschreiber produced a printed copy of received messages. However, teleprinter systems of those days used expensive dedicated teleprinter lines, networks, and switchboards. Also, they were basically limited to point-to-point communication. Hellschreiber could be used for wireless broadcasts, with world-wide coverage (LF/VLF), thereby bypassing the wired teleprinter networks. This gave Hellschreiber a very significant cost advantage (ref. 57). Also, the Hell system inherently cannot print incorrect characters, unlike other teleprinter systems. |
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Compared to Sprechfunk, again, stenographers were no longer needed. Like their Morse counterparts, they could make hearing mistakes, and multiple words or entire sentences in a message could be lost due to atmospheric and other interference (ref. 66). Also, Sprechfunk required fixed transmission schedules. Hellschreiber was suitable for unattended operation (printer models equipped for remote on/off control signaling), and minimized delays between the occurrence of news events, and their reporting. The Hell system also had a 50% higher higher transfer rate than Sprechfunk (ref. 57, 60, 61). |
In December of 1933, two German news agencies (Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB, ref. 38) and the Telegraphen-Union (TU, ref. 68) were merged into the Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro (DNB) - the official news agency of national-socialist Germany (ref. 70). By 1934, the "Presse Hell" was considered mature enough to be tested and evaluated by the DNB on the wireless links to their foreign offices (cf. pp. 239, 241 in ref. 18). It entered into service on August 1 of that same year (ref. 60). DNB was the first press agency to do so (ref. 66). By 1935, all DNB offices abroad had a "Presse Hell" for receiving messages from the DNB head-office in Berlin; possibly the domestic offices as well (ref. 57). From March 1940 on, the DNB had the exclusive right to sell the Siemens-Halske "Presse Hell" machines. Per ref. 18 (p. 239), the 1940 price charged by DNB for such a printer was 875 Reichsmark (about 2-3 months wages of a male white-collar worker). Note that a Siemens-Halske publication from 1937 (ref. 1) quotes a price of 1257 Reichsmark...
Wireless services of press agencies such as the DNB, DPA (Deutsche Presse-Agentur (ref. 33; founded August 1949), ADN (Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst), all used Hellschreibers (ref. 32). Broadcasting was primarily done on long-wave frequencies, to get continental coverage (ref. 3). The Transocean G.m.b.H (TO) was a German press agency founded in 1915 for the purpose of providing news from and about Germany to journalists abroad. TO may have evaluated the Hellschreiber system as early as 1932 (ref. 56), though Rudolf Hell himself states that both TO and DNB tested early models in 1934 (page 4 in ref. 5). By 1939, TO had about 20 offices overseas (cf. p. 263 in ref. 18). It was the world's first news agency with wireless broadcast. TO initially used the high-power LF/VLF transmitter facilities at Großfunkstation Nauen (ref. 58), about 35 km west of Berlin. In 1935/36 they changed over to the Rehmate facilities near Oranienburg (about 30 km north of Berlin). The latter facilities comprised several 10-100 kW transmitters and a large antenna "farm". TO had hellcasts of up to 18 hours a day from Rehmate, primarily to South-America, Africa, and the Dutch East-Indies (cf. §10 in ref. 5).
By 1939, 27 foreign press agencies subscribed to the DNB Hellcasts (ref. 55). From 1939 to 1945, TO, DNB, and EP (Europapress) were controlled and financed by the German propaganda ministry ("Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda"). During 1942, TO broadcast Morse and Hellschreiber messages in German, French, English, and Spanish, for a combined 72 hours a day, and an average 85000 words a day (ref. 16). Germany stepped up its international propaganda effort in 1942, at which time the Propagandaministerium made two additional transmitters available to the DNB. Starting in 1942, the "Presse Hell" began to gradually replace the "Pressefunk". By the time the Pressefunk was terminated (February 1944, ref. 66, p. 240 in ref. 18), over 700 of the 980 German newspapers were equipped with a "Presse Hell" and connected to the Hellschreiber-broadcasts of the DNB (ref. 8, 9).
Foreign press agencies also had a "Presse Hell" printer, e.g., the Berlin office of United Press Associations (UP) in 1939 (ref. 12). Reuters started its own Hellschreiber broadcast service to Europe (i.e., "the continent") in 1934 (ref. 2, 73). When Hellschreiber equipment was no longer available from Germany, Reuters used an other supplier to build Hellschreibers (ref. 24, 46). This was the Italian company F.I.A.T. in Milan (not the auto manufacturer from Turin) and probably also the EMA company in Switzerland. Starting in 1939/40, some of the broadcasts of Italy's first press agency, Agenzia Stefani (founded 1853), were in Hellschreiber format (in Italian, English, and French). Around the same time, press agencies in the Low Countries and Scandinavia also used Hellschreiber (ref. 15), as did the French news agency Havas, and the Spanish press (ref. 29). In 1940, the Reuters and Havas agencies cancelled their contracts with DNB, followed in 1941 by AP and UP (cf. p. 242 in ref. 18).
Map
of the wireless Hellschreiber-network of the
German DNB press agency ca. 1939
(source: ref. 3, 18; note that the inner-German network was still wired at that time)
Overseas DNB offices - 1939 - connected via Hellschreiber
(source: ref. 18)
There are statements in literature and internet claiming that at the beginning of World War 2, British intelligence services stumbled upon the "strange" Hellschreiber signals, and cleverly managed to reverse-engineer a printer so that they could read the signals. Whereas it may be true that the UK "intelligence" services were fully unaware of the existence of Hellschreibers, "Presse Hell" printers had already been available in Britain for many years:
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the London-based Reuters news agency had its own Hellschreiber broadcast network since 1934 (see above), so Reuters and all of its customers (in the UK and abroad) had Hellschreibers. Like most news agencies, Reuters did not own radio transmitters but leased time on transmitters of British Post Office, e.g., at Leafield and Rugby (ref. 48, 49). |
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the London offices of other news agencies (e.g. AP, ref. 26, 43), also subscribed to Hellschreiber services from other news agencies, and, hence, had Hellschreiber printers. |
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The British Post office had at least seven original Hellschreiber printers ("obsolete models of German origin", ref. 62 of 1944), and produced a significant number of its own (Model 1-T etc.). |
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Hellschreibers were also used at certain British airports (e.g., Croydon, as early as 1937, ref. 11), probably for weather reporting services. |
Also, the British telegraph/teleprinter technical community was fully aware of the Hellschreiber and its principles (e.g., ref. 59a/b). Moreover, British government representatives officially approved Hellschreiber-telegraphy at the International Radiocommunications Conference held in Cairo in 1938 for use of frequencies reserved for A1-modulated telegraphy. Furthermore, the Wireless Committee of the International Criminal Organization (INTERPOL, founded in 1923) adopted Hell-Schreiber for international police communications, at their annual meeting in 1935 (ref. 69).
Yes, one or more Hellschreiber printers were abandoned by German DNB "agents", who left the UK in a hurry when the war broke out. Their machines were not secret nor otherwise deemed particularly valuable. Hellschreiber technology was definitely not secret (contrary to some British reports, e.g., ref. 34, 64); and Hellschreiber signals as such, are not coded or encrypted - though, of course, messages sent in Hellschreiber format may be (and were).
Clearly, military Feld-Hellschreibers used by the code-breakers at Bletchley Park (BP), were in effect captured units. BP also obtained Hellschreibers from the US (both 7-line, and older 12-line models; ref. 14). Mid-1940, Martin Esslin (a so-called "roving monitor" at BBC Monitoring Service (BBCMS, whose operation started late summer of 1939, ref. 27), Head of BBC Radio Drama dept. in the 1960s and 70s) "discovered" DNB voice broadcasts ("Pressefunk", including communiqués from the German High Command) in the VLF frequency band. He caught the announcement that the broadcast service was about to switch over to Hellschreiber format. BBCMS added a special Hellschreiber-section to its M-unit (this is where Stanley Cook (G5XB) worked). It started coverage of the DNB Hell-broadcasts on 23 October of 1941, at its listening post in Evesham (ref. 13, 19, 38, 39). Reception of strong signals (voice, Morse, Hellschreiber, teletype) was primarily done at Caversham Park in Reading (due to local interference noise levels and lack of space for large antenna installations), whereas Crowsley Park concentrated on weak, long-distance signals (ref. 28). BBCMS also intercepted shortwave Hell-messages from the Reichsbahn (German national railways).
Some ships of the Kriegsmarine also carried a Presse Hell printer on board. E.g., the "Prinz Eugen" (a heavy cruiser of the Hipper Class) had one in the Gefechtsnachrichtenzentrale (GNZ, battle communications room, i.e., not one of the ship's three radio rooms), ref. 72. It was used in combination with a Lorenz Lo6L39 longwave receiver.
Note that the OKW/Chi (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht / Chiffrierabteilung = Cypher/Crypto Dept. of the Supreme Command Armed Forces) had two distinct intercept systems, one of which concentrated on monitoring of "in clear" (not encrypted) foreign broadcasts, principally news broadcasts, and correspondents' report of news agencies such as Reuters and Dōmei Tsūshinsha (Federal Japanese News Agency, predecessor of Kyodo News Agency). This intercept system had its main station at Ludwigsfelde (≈38 km, 23 miles south of Berlin), and branch stations at Königsberg, Gleiwitz, Münster, and Husum; ref. 76. Section 2 of Group I of the German OKH/GdNA (Oberkommando des Heeres - Army High Command / General der Nachrichtenaufklärung - Signal Intelligence (SigInt, cypher/crypto) Agency) had a sub/section for monitoring of clear text (not encrypted) Helldienst broadcasts of foreign press agencies. Ref. 77.
During the war, Presse Hell printers were also made available to large ethnic German communities outside Germany ("größere reichsdeutsche Gruppen", ref. 74). Also, the German national police made extensive use of Hellschreiber (ref. 79).
The activities of the DNB ended on May 2, 1945 (ref. 66). After the war, the German News Service (GNS) started its operation in the US-controlled zone of occupied Germany, on 29 June 1945. About 2 months later, GNS was changed to Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichtenagentur (DANA; General German Press Agency; ref. 4, 10), and later changed to Deutsche Nachrichtenagentur (DENA, licensed on 25 October 1946, ref. 30). Initially, DANA used the Wehrmacht's 20 kW mobile long-wave transmitter "P" (Paul/Paula). DANA Hellschreiber transmissions started on September 6, 1945 (cf. p. 272 in ref. 18). The transmitter burned down in November of 1946, because of a short circuit. Hellschreiber transmissions were interrupted for several days, until replacement transmitters were brought on line. In July of 1947, DENA started using a new, 30 kW transmitter installation near Frankfurt/Main (in the area called the Seckbacher Streuobstwiesen "Am Heiligenstock" at Bad Vilbel); ref. 31. With support from the US military government, DENA successfully opposed efforts by the Deutsche Post (the German national PTT) to take over all Hellschreiber communication systems (as part of their claim to the monopoly in all matters of broadcast, ref. 78) - as this could have implied German government influence on the press (ref. 30).
When the Deutscher Sportverlag (DSV, German Sports Publishing Co.) resumed its operation, it also used Hellschreiber. A betting office in Frankfurt/Main is known to have used them until ca. 1981 (based on the maintenance records of the machines), to receive dog and horse racing results from the UK.
Equivalent to GNS in the Sowjet-occupied zone was the Sowjetisches
Nachrichtenbüro (SNB), starting on 18 Juli 1945. It was transformed into the
Allgemeine Deutsche Nachrichtendienst (ADN) in October of 1946. Similar
agencies were fouded in the French-zone (e.g., SUEDENA, until
1949)
and the British-occupied zone (GNS-BZ).
The latter was headed up by Editor-in-Chief Sefton Delmer,
who had headed up British black propaganda radio broadcasts and radio
stations (e.g., "Soldatensender Calais", "Deutsche Kurzwellensender Atlantik",
primarily directed at the German armed forces; ref. 25). Initially,
Delmer did not want that new press agency to
use Hellschreiber,
though DNB equipment was available. GNS-BZ was transformed into the
Deutsche Presse Dienst (DPD) in 1947. DPD used Hellschreiber over wireless
channels, and regular teleprinters for its wired services. DPD used British
military wired telecom network, until DPD got its own teleprinting network in
April of 1946. DPD used Hellschreiber at least until well into 1947. In August
of 1945, Hellschreiber trials between Germany and London were conducted in the
British Zone, with two 20 kW shortwave transmitters at the site of "Norddeich
Radio". This was a maritime coastal radio station from 1905 through 1998
(ref. 63). After these trials, the transmitters were moved to Hamburg, for news
broadcasts to London.
From 1946 until at least 1956, the London Press Service and the British Information Services and the British Central Office of Information maintained Hellcasts via shortwave transmitters of the British Post Office (7-20 MHz in 1950, 4-14 MHz in 1953, 5-20 MHz in 1956; ref 65).
After the war, TASS (Telegrafnoie Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soiuza, "Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union") also had large scale press message broadcasts in Hellschreiber format, using equipment recuperated in its occupational zone. It had regular broadcasts in Russian, English, French, and German. TASS continued Hellschreiber broadcasts through the 1950s and probably until the mid-1960s (ref. 20-23, 37, 47, 71). The New China News Agency (NCNA, Hsin Hua Tung-hsün) broadcast Hellschreiber messages to its offices in Prague, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Karachi at least until 1957 (ref. 52), and to East-Asia at least until well into 1959 (ref. 53). It also monitored Hell broadcast from other agencies (ref. 35, 36, 54). The Chinese government news agency Xinhua broadcast national and international news as Hellschreiber messages from Beijing to newspapers and voice broadcasting stations throughout China; this may have continued through the 1980s, possibly early 1990s. The Chinese national meteorological service is also known to have used Hellschreiber. The Kyodo news service in Japan used Hellschreiber transmissions until 1960, when it changed over to kanji script ( ideographic, phonetic, and pictographic characters that were primarily developed in China, based on the "han" iconic characters) via telefax (ref. 44, 45).
Note that the Chinese news and meteorological services, and Japanese news services did use a Hellschreiber system for transmission of pictographic characters. However, given the thousands of characters in use, this was note done with a keyboard, but with a system that optically scanned hand-written text. combined with a Hell-printer, similar to the ZETFAX of the Hell company, the RCA Tapefax, and the RC-58B system of the US Army (WWII). The Toho Denki Kabushikigaisha company (Eastern Electric Ltd.) in Japan made such Hellschreiber systems for the Japanese and Chinese markets (ref. 44). Toho Denki K.K. was a fax equipment manufacturer, and became part of Matsushita Graphic Communication Systems Inc. in 1962.
Print of a Chinese hellcast
(source: ref. 44; the text reads "Appointment of the post of the Republic of China [= Taiwan] is notified" or something to that effect - to be confirmed)
Print of a Chinese hellcast
(source: ref. 47)
Here is a quick overview of the use of Hellcasts by several news agencies around the world (ref. 41, 1953):
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AA (Anadolu Ajansi; Turkey): subscribed to Hellcasts from Reuters; had four Hellschreiber printers. (p. 99) |
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AAP (Australian Associated Press); Hellschreiber printers (though it was formally forbidden in Australia at the time for non-government entities to own telecom equipment!) to receive AAP service from London. (p. 130) |
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AFP (Agence France Presse): received Hellcasts from other agencies; Hell transmission from Frankfurt (via DENA transmitter ) to German customers 30k words/day. (p. 40, 42) |
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ANP (Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau; The Netherlands): received Hellcasts from NTB, DPA, TASS; had its own Hellcasts to Indonesia and Surinam. (pp. 113, 114) |
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ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Italiana; post-war replacement of the Stefani agency) receives Reuters' Hellcasts; no Hellcasts of its own. (1948; p. 58, 62 in ref. 50a) |
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ANTARA (Kantorberita Antara; Indonesia): subscribed to Reuters' Hellschreiber transmissions; used one Siemens Presse-Hell printer provided by Reuters. (p. 86) |
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AP (Associated Press): Hell transmission from Frankfurt to Europe, Middle East, Asia; Hell printer at San Francisco radio listening post. (p. 43, 49) |
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APA (Austria Presse Agentur; post-war successor of ANA): owns Hellschreiber printers (pre-owned by DNB), but not allowed to Hellcast. No spares/replacement parts available from Germany; as no trade was allowed between Germany and Austria (1948; p. 3 in ref. 50a). |
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ATS-SDA (Agence Télégraphique Suisse - Schweizerische Depeschenagentur, Agenzia Telegrafica Svizzera; Switzerland); used Hell printers as backup. (p. 123) |
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BELGA (Belgium): occasional reception of foreign Hellcasts. (p. 103) |
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BPS (Burma Press Syndicate): subscribed to Reuters' Hellschreiber transmissions; Hell apparatus provided by Reuters. (p. 76); Hellschreibers installed and operated in Rangoon by Reuters. (1948; p. 3 in ref. 50b) |
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CTK (Čska Tiskova Kancelar): transmission of foreign newscast by Hell. (p. 103) |
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EFE (Agencia Efe; Spain): Hellcasts to subscribers in the Balearic and Canary Islands and Spanish Morocco. Subscribed to Hell transmissions from other agencies. (pp. 118, 119) |
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ITIM Agency (Israel): subscribed to Hellschreiber transmissions from Reuters; had three Hellschreiber printers. (p. 89) |
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JP (Jiji Press; Japan): domestic Hellcasts with 3 transmitters. (p. 89) |
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KYODO (Japan): subscribed to Hellcasts from Reuters; two Hellschreiber printers, more added in 1952. (p. 94, 95) |
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MTI (Magyar Távirati Iroda; Hungary): transmission of newscast in French by Hell (p. 103), to Reuters/London, AFP/Paris and others; receives Hellcasts from Reuters/London, with Hellschreibers of "recent manufacture" (1948; p. 32 in ref. 50a) |
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NTB (Norsk Telegrambyro; Norway); using Hell system since German occupation during WW2; later switched over to Hell Blattschreiber. (p. 114) |
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PAP (Polska Agencja Prasow; Poland): auxiliary transmissions in Russian and English by Hell, 4500 words/day. (pp. 115, 116) |
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PARS (Iran): subscribed to Hellschreiber transmissions from Reuters. (p. 88) |
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P.I.-ANETA (Persbiro Indonesia Aneta): subscribed to Hellschreiber transmissions from Reuters and ANP (Netherlands). (p. 87) |
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PTI (Press Trust of India): subscribed to Reuters' Hellschreiber transmissions. (p. 84) |
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Reuters: Hell transmissions from England, 20-30k words/day. Transmissions to North America, Far East, Middle East and Europe, South and Central Africa; 15-25k words/day per zone. (p. 53, 56) |
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SAPA (South African Press Association): subscribed to Reuters' Hellschreiber transmissions. (p. 65) |
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Singapore: had no national news agency; Reuters receives its own Hellcasts and distributes. AP also receives Hell service from London. (1948; p. 130, 131 in ref. 50b) |
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TANJUG (Telegrafska Agencija Nova Jugoslavija; Yugoslavia); Had its own domestic Hellcasts. Subscribed to Hellcasts from foreign agencies. (p. 129) |
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TASS: Hell transmissions to Europe in English and Russian (24h/day), French and German (12h/day), mix of Soviet and foreign news. In 1952, used a number of shortwave frequencies (6880-15780 kHz). (p. 598) |
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TT (Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå; Sweden): subscribed to Hellcast from other agencies that were not available via teleprinter. (p. 122) |
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Venezuela: Reuters receives its own Hellcasts and distributes. (1948; p. 187 in ref. 50c) |
Presse Hell was also used by magazine and newspaper publishing companies, e.g., "Südost-Echo" in Austria (1939-1945, ref.75), "Fränkische Presse" newspaper of Verlagshaus Steeger (Hellschreiber used 1946-1955, ref. 76).
REFERENCES
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Ref. 5: "Die Entwicklung des Hell-Schreibers" by the inventor himself: Rudolf Hell; pp. 2-11 in "Gerätentwicklungen aus den Jahren 1929-1939", Hell - Technische Mitteilungen der Firma Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell, Nr. 1, Mai 1940 [in German] |
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Ref. 8: p. 96 in "Die erfolgverführte Nation: Deutschlands öffentliche Stimmungen 1866 bis 1945", Rudolf Stöber, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998, 394 pp. |
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Ref. 9:
Letter of 15 April 1941 from the DNB to the German foreign office,
about problems with at reception of DNB Hellschreiber broadcasts in
Hsinking/China. Source: Bundesarchiv, Berlin.
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Ref. 10:
"A German News
Service is Born" [DANA, incl. Hellschreiber service, cf. p. 11], pp.
10-12, 20 in "Military Government - Weekly Information Bulletin", No.
34, March 1946, Office of the Director, Office of Military Government
(U.S.), United States Forces European Theatre, Reports and Information
Branch
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Ref. 11:
"DX Listening
Digest", 00-23, February 5, 2000
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Ref. 12:
"Tien
jaar geleden kreeg Hitler zijn oorlog", p. 1 of "Utrechts
Nieuwsblad" [Dutch newspaper], 1 September 1949
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Ref. 13: Martin Esslin, in “Assigned to listen - The Evesham experience, 1939-43", Olive Renier, Vladimir Rubinstein (eds.), 1st. ed., BBC Books, 1986, 154 pp., ISBN-10: 0563205083 |
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Ref. 14:
p. 132 in
"Spymistress: the life of Vera Atkins, the greatest female secret agent
of World War II”, William Stevenson, Arcade Publishing, 2007, 354 pp.
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Ref. 15:
"Collaboration
between News Agencies in Nordic Countries", UNESCO International
Commision for the Study of Communicfation Problems, Series 16, 1978, 8
pp.
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Ref. 16: "Telegraphenbüros und Nachrichtenagenturen in Deutschland: Untersuchungen zu ihrer Geschichte bis 1949", Vol. 24 of "Kommunikation und Politik", Jürgen Wilke (ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 1991, 360 pp., ISBN: 978-3-598-20554-5, 978-3-11-135559-7
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Ref. 17: p. 321 in "Shanghai und die Politik des Dritten Reiches", Astrid Freyeisen, Konigshausen & Neumann, 2000, 544 pp., ISBN-10: 3826016904 |
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Ref. 18:
pp.
236-247, 260-265, 270-281, 286-287, 290-293, 296-297, 300-301, 308-309
in "Telegraphenbüros und Nachrichtenagenturen in Deutschland:
Untersuchungen zu ihrer Geschichte bis 1949", Vol. 24 of "Kommunikation
und Politik", Jürgen Wilke (ed.), K.G. Saur, 1991, 360 pp., ISBN
3598205546
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Ref. 19: pp. 69, 144 in "Assigned to listen - The Evesham experience, 1939-43", Olive Renier, Vladimir Rubinstein (eds.), BBC Books, 1986, 154 pp., ISBN 0563205083 |
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Ref. 20: "New
U.S: European Spy Centers Planned", transcript of a Hellschreiber
press message from TASS (Soviet Press Service), August 22, 1948, 1p.
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Ref. 21: p. 3 in "Analysis
of Soviet Foreign Propaganda Broadcasts" [TASS Hellschreiber service
in English, French, German], de-classified CIA document, Central
Intelligence Group, ORE 2, 23 July 1946, 13 pp.
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Ref. 22: p. 8 in "Evidence
of USSR Military Intentions in Soviet Propaganda Broadcasts",
de-classified CIA document, ORE 64-48, 27 August 1946, 14 pp.
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Ref. 23:
transcript of a
Hellschreiber press message from a TASS (Soviet Press Service) European
broadcast, 30 August 1947, 1p., de-classified CIA document
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Ref. 24:
p. 13 in "Telecommunications
in War", S.A. Angwin, J. of the IEE, Part IIIA: Radiocommunication,
Vol. 94, Issue 11, Nov. 1947, pp. 7-15
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Ref. 25:
chapter 17 in
"Black Boomerang", Sefton Delmer, Secker & Warburg, 1962
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Ref. 26:
p. 227 in "War II:
Soldiers of the Press", Richard Pyle, pp.
216-254 in "Breaking News - How Associated Press has covered war, piece,
and everything else", reporters of the Associated Press, N. Eklund Later
(ed.), 1st ed., Princeton Architectural Press, 2007,
432 pp., ISBN 1563986890
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Ref. 27:
"Listening To The
World", Christopher Cross, Radio News, January 1946, pp. 64, 66, 141
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Ref. 28:
"The
Engineering Facilities of the BBC Monitoring Service", C.J.W. Hill,
H.S. Bishop, "BBC Engineering Division Monograph", Nr. 22, January 1959,
BBC, 28 pp.
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Ref. 29:
p. 190, 191 in "La
propaganda alemana en la Segunda República Española", I.
Schulze-Schneider, Historia y Comunicación Social, Nr. 4, 1999, pp.
183-197 |
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Ref. 30:
"Germany's
New Press - Review of Development in U.S. Zone", pp. 19-22, 27 in
"Information Bulletin No. 154", Office of Military Government for
Germany (U.S.), Control Office, APO 742, US Army, 8 February 1949, 33 pp
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Ref. 31:
p. 22
in "ICD History III July 1, 1947-June 30, 1948" in "The History of
American Information Control in Germany (1944-1948)", 82 pp. Erwin J.
Warkentin (ed.)
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Ref. 32: "In
eigener Sache - Rendezvous in Düsseldorf", p. 12 in "Der Spiegel",
Nr. 45, 8 November 1947, SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf
Augstein GmbH & Co. KG
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Ref. 33: p.
4 in "The
history of the German Press Agency dpa", 9 pp. |
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Ref. 34: p.
10 in "Allied
Propaganda in World War II: The Complete Record of the Political Warfare
Executive (FO 898) - From the National Archives (PRO)", Cumulative
Guide Reels 1-168, Philip Taylor (gen. ed.), Thomson Gale, 2005, 43 pp.
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Ref. 35: p.
55 in "The
Ts'an-k'ao Hsiao-hsi: How Well Informed Are Chinese Officials about the
Outside World", Henry G. Schwarz, The China
Quarterly, No. 27, July-September 1966, pp. 54-83 |
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Ref. 36:
pp. 296, 308 in "The
New China News Agency and Foreign Policy in China", Roger L. Dial,
International Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring 1976, "News and Nations",
pp. 293-318 |
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Ref. 37: p.
127 in "The
Founding of the Sino-Albanian Entente", Daniel
Tretiak, The China Quarterly, No. 10, April-June 1962, pp. 123-143
|
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Ref. 38: "Wolff's Telegraphisches Bureau 1849-1933", Dieter Basse, K.G. Sauer Verl., 1991, 346 pp., ISBN 3598205511 |
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|
|
Ref. 39:
"B.B.C.
sound broadcasting 1939-60. A review of progress", Pawley, E.L.E.,
Proc. of the IEE - Part B: Electronic and Communication Engineering,
Volume: 108 Issue: 39, May 1961, pp. 279 - 302
|
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|
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Ref. 40:
"The
BBC Monitoring Service - A short engineering history", Hill, P.C.J.,
Proc. 2nd IEEE Region 8 Conference on the History of Telecommunications
(HISTELCON), Madrid, 3-5 November 2010, pp. 1-4
|
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Ref. 41:
pp. 40,
42, 48, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 64, 65, 76, 82, 84, 85-90, 94, 95, 98, 99,
102, 103, 110, 113-116, 118, 19, 122, 123, 128-130 in "News
agencies. Their structure and operation.", UNESCO, 1953, 208 pp.;
reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1969, 207 pp., ISBN: 0837125014
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Ref. 42:
p. 327
in "Hitler in der spanischen Arena: die deutsch-spanischen Beziehungen
im Spannungsfeld der europäsischen Interessenpolitik vom Ausbruch des
Bürgerkrieges bis zum Ausbruch des Weltkrieges, 1936-1939", Hans-Henning
Abendroth, F. Schöning Verl., 1973, 411 pp.
|
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Ref. 43:
p. 227,
228 in "Breaking news: how the Associated
Press has covered war, peace, and everything else", Nancy Ecklung-Later
(ed.), 1st ed., Princeton Architectural Press, 2007, 432 pp., ISBN-10:
156898689
|
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|
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Ref. 44: "Oriental approach to transpacific transmission", Donald K. deNeuf (WA1SPM; SK), pp. 16, 18 in "Proceedings of The Radio Club of America, Inc.", Vol. 51, Nr. 1, March 1977 |
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Ref. 45:
p. 67 in "The
Japanese press" (Nihon Shinbun Kyōkai),
Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association,
1969
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Ref. 46: "The
Japanese Code", p. 102 in "Codes
of the World", deNeuf, Walters, Anderson, Folkman, Dickow, Mundt,
Geisel, Cady, Cookson, Williams, Miller, pp. 102-110 in "Ports O' Call:
a book of the wireless pioneers", Vol. 4, 1976, Society Of Wireless
Pioneers (SOWP), 112 pp.
|
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Ref. 47: "Hellschreiber - Nostalgie oder Realität?", Helmut Liebich DL1OY, Funkschau, 11/1990 |
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Ref. 48:
p. 73 of "The
dawn of amateur radio in the U.K. and Greece: a personal view",
Norman F. Joly, Ability Printing, 1990, 151 pp., ISBN-10: 0951562800
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Ref. 49: "History of international broadcasting, Volume 1", James Wood, IEE History of Technology series, Institution of Engineering and Technology (publ.), 1994, 264 pp. |
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Ref. 50a:
"Press,
radio, film, 1948: surveys of Austria, Hungary, Italy", Commission
on Immediate Technical Needs in Press, Radio and Film of War-devastated
Countries" (Comm.Tech.Needs) 2/2, United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 3 July 1948, 99 pp.
|
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Ref. 50b:
"Press,
radio, film, 1948: Burma, India, Federation of Malaya, Pakistan,
Singapore", Commission on Immediate Technical Needs in Press, Radio
and Film of War-devastated Countries" (Comm.Tech.Needs) 2/4A-E, United
Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 3
July 1948, 144 pp.
|
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Ref. 50c:
"Press,
radio, film, 1948: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras,
Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela", Commission on Immediate Technical
Needs in Press, Radio and Film of War-devastated Countries"
(Comm.Tech.Needs) 2/3A-(i), United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 3 July 1948, 208 pp.
|
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Ref. 51:
figure 20 in "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber",
pp. 109, 110 in "Siemens-Zeitschrift", Bd. 18, H. 3/4, March/April 1938
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Ref. 52:
pp. 296, 308 in "The
New China News Agency and Foreign Policy in China", Roger L. Dial,
pp. 293-318 in "International Journal", Vol. 31, No. 2, News and Nations
(Spring, 1976)
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Ref. 53:
pp. 127 , 139 in "The
Founding of the Sino-Albanian Entente", Daniel Tretiak, pp. 123-143
in "The China Quarterly", No. 10, April-June 1962
|
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Ref. 54:
pp. 55 in "The
Ts'an-k'ao Hsiao-hsi: How Well Informed Are Chinese Officials about the
Outside World?", Henry G. Schwarz, pp. 54-83 in "The China
Quarterly", No. 27, July-September 1966
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Ref. 55: "Siemens-Hellschreiber-Übermittlung
des DNB und der Transocean GmbH", p. 22 in "Zeitungswissenschaft -
Monatsschrift für internationale Zeitungsforschung mit Archiv für
Presserecht", Essener Verlagsanstalt,
Vol. 15, Nr. 1, January 1940
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Ref. 56: "Hellschreiber",
p. 266 in "Von der Pressfreiheit zur Pressefreiheit - Südwestdeutsche
Zeitungsgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart", Klaus Dreher,
Konrad Theiss Verl., 1983, 364 pp.
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Ref. 57:
pp. 212-214, 310-312
in "Nachrichtenagenturen im Nationalsozialismus:
Propagandainstrumente und Mittel der Presselenkung", André Uzulis, P.
Lang Verl., 1955, 356 pp., ISBN 9783631480618
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Ref. 58:
"Telefunken-Zeitung
- Nauen-Nummer" (special Nauen issue), Jg. 3, Nr. 17, August 1919,
119 pp.
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Ref. 59a: p.
366 in “Telephony
and Telegraphy”, W.G. Radley, pp. 359-367 in “Journal of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers”, Vol. 84, Issue 507, March 1939
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Ref. 59b:
p. 575 in “Telephony
and Telegraphy”, W.G. Radley, pp. 569-576 in “Journal of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part I: General”, Vol. 93, Issue
72, December 1946
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Ref. 60:
"Neue
Stufe der Nachrichtenübermittlung. Der Hellschreiber wird den Sprechfunk
ersetzen", p. 261, 262 in "Der Zeitungs-Verlag: Fachblatt für das
gesamte Pressewesen", Vol. 40, Nr. 17, 29 April 1939
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Ref. 61:
"Die
Einführung des Hell-Schreibers vom DNB aus gesehen. Rückschau auf den
ersten Betriebsmonat", p. 36-38 in "Der Zeitungs-Verlag: Fachblatt
für das gesamte Pressewesen", Vol. 42, Nr. 4, 25 January 1941
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Ref. 62:
2 pages from
"Hell Printer - Operating and Maintenance Instructions", Issue 2, July
1944, Document M 9501 (Tg), Office of the Engineer-in-Chief, Post Office
Engineering Dept. (Radio Branch) GPO, London
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Ref. 63: "Norddeich
Radio während des 2. Weltkrieges 1939 – 1945", ["Norddeich
Radio During the 2nd World War 1939-1945"];
source: http://www.pust-norden.de/
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Ref. 64:
“Britain’s
Monitoring Service - Interception on the Grand Scale” in "Wireless
World", Vol. 51, Nr. 7, July 1945, pp. 111, 112
|
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Ref. 65:
“News in Morse”, in “Wireless World”
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Ref. 66:
pp.
112-113 in "DNB: „Darf nichts bringen –
Eine Nachrichtenagentur im Dritten Reich", André Uzulis,
pp. 107-114 in "Diener des Staates" oder "Widerstand
zwischen den Zeilen"?: Die Rolle der Presse im "Dritten Reich"",
Christoph Studt (ed.), Vol. 8 of “Schriftenreihe der
Forschungsgemeinschaft 20. Juli 1944 e.V.”,
XVIII. Königswinterer Tagung Februar 2005, von Lit Verlag, 2007, 208 pp.
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Ref. 68:
p. 123
in "Die
Telegraphen-Union",
Martin Nietemeier, pp. 87-134 in
"Telegraphenbüros
und Nachrichtenagenturen in Deutschland - Untersuchungen zu ihrer
Geschichte bis 1949",
Jürgen Wilke (ed.), De Gruyter Sauer, 2010 (1st ed.1991)
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Ref. 69:
"Die
drahtlose Welle fängt Verbrecher" [wireless captures criminals],
Funkschau, Vol. 9, Nr. 2, 12 January 1936, p. 11
|
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Ref.
70:
"Deutsches
Nachrichtenbüro 1923-1945 (1946-1948) - Einleitung",
Kristin Hartisch, Bundesarchiv R34, 2005
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Ref.
71:
p. 72 in
"Radio hole-in-the-head/Radio liberty: an insider's story of Cold War
broadcasting" ["TASS" Hellschreiber service], James Critchlow, American
University Press, 1995, 192 pp.
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Ref. 72: "Kreuzer Prinz Eugen: Unter 3 Flaggen", Paul Schmalenbach, Koehler Verlag, 1978, 240 pp. |
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Ref.
73: "Reuters
and the news service", §7.2.2, p. 240 in "A History of Telegraphy:
Its History and Technology", Ken Beauchamp, Institution of Electrical
Engineers, Vol. 26 of "History of Technology Series", 2001, 408 pp.,
ISBN-10: 0852967926
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Ref.
74:
p. 161 in "Trial
of the major war criminals before the international military tribunal,
Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946", Vol. 33 of "International
Military Tribunal Nuremberg", Nuremberg, 1949, 603 pp.
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Ref.
75:
p. 164 in "Das
Wiener Verlagswesen der Nachkriegszeit: Eine Untersuchung der Rolle der
öffentlichen Verwalter bei der Entnazifizierung und bei der Rückstellung
arisierter Verlage und Buchhandlungen", Ursula Schwarz, Bachelor ("Magister")
thesis, University of Vienna, 2003, 201 pp.
|
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Ref.
76:
pp. 36, 40, 46 in "The
Signal Intelligence Agency and the Suppreme Command, Armed Forces",
Volume 3 of "European Axis Signal Intelligence in World War II as
Revealed by "TICOM" Investigations and by Other Prisoner of War
Interrogations and Captured Material, Principally German", Army Security
Agency, Washington DC, 136 pp., 1-May-1946, WDGAS-14, declassified
01-June-2009
|
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Ref.
77:
p. 49 in "Signal
Intelligence Service of the Army High Command", Vol. 4 of "European
Axis Signal Intelligence in World War II as Revealed by "TICOM"
Investigations and by Other Prisoner of War Interrogations and Captured
Material, Principally German", Army Security Agency, Washington DC, 240
pp., 1-May-1946, WDGAS-14, declassified 23-Oct-1998
|
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Ref.
78:
p. 5 in "The
German Press in the US-Occupied Area 1945-1948", Office of Military
Government for Germany (U.S.), Information Services Division, Special
Report of the Military Governor, November 1948, 45 pp.
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Ref.
79:
pp. 49, 50 in
"The German Police", Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
Evaluation and Dissimination Section, G-2 (Counter Intelligence
Sub-Division), prepared jointly by M.I.R.S. (London Branch) and E.D.S.
in consultation with the War Office (M.J. 14(d)), April 1945, 453 pp.
|
The first commercial "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber" dates back to 1933:
Left to right: Telefunken radio receiver E 376 SII, keying amplifier, and
"Hell-Siemens"
printer
(source: figure 5 in ref. A; also:
figure 13 in ref. B)
The printer does not have an inked felt ring to get ink on the printer spindle. Instead, there is a roll of thin single-use ribbon of carbon-paper ("Kohlepapier"), the same width as the paper tape. This ribbon is placed between the printer-paper tape and the printer spindle. The paper tape and carbon-ribbon are continuously pressed against the spindle. The spindle is dentilled (the thread is toothed). Carbon particles ("ink") must be transferred from the ribbon to the paper tape during reception of pixel-pulses. This is achieved by creating a rubbing action, by vibrating the paper tape in a direction across the tape. This was done with a mechanism similar to a loudspeaker voice-coil and permanent magnet. The special carbon-ribbon was expensive (considerations not unlike those for ink cartridges of today's PC-printers!), and also required an additional mechanism to wind the used ribbon.
Carbon-paper and dentilled spindle mechanism
(source: figure 3, p. 4 in ref. C)
Early
combined Hellschreiber sender/printer, with carbon paper - 1931
(source: figure 4 in ref. F)
An early
Siemens Hellschreiber, with carbon paper - 1933
(source: figure 9 in ref. D)
An early
Siemens Hellschreiber, with carbon paper - 1933
(source: figure 6 in ref. E)
REFERENCES
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Ref. A: "Voici "des machines à écrire" pour télégraphier soi-même de son domicile" [machines for teleprinting yourself at home], Paul Lucas, La Science et la Vie, No. 209, November 1934, pp. 406-410. |
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Ref. B: "Die Fortentwicklung des Fernschreibverkehrs über Draht und drahtlos“, P. Storch, Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ) [Hellschreiber, Handsender, Lochstreifensender on pp. 141-143], Jg. 55, Heft 5, 1 February 1934, pp. 109-112, 141-143 |
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Ref. C: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Alexander B. Damjanovic, in "Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau", Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Jg. 17, Nr. 12, 1936, 7 pp., SH 6554, 1. 37. 0,5 T. |
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Ref. D: "Stand der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik", Rudolf Zimmerman, Siemens & Halske A.G. - Wernerwerk, Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, SH 7997. 0,5. 1043. TT1. M/1401, May 1940, 10 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München) |
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Ref. E: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", H. Stahl, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemenstadt, 1934, 15 pp. SH5358, 1.34.1,5 T.; reprint from "Telegraphen- und Fernsprechtechnik", Jg. 22, Heft 11, November 1933, pp. 291-295 |
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Ref. F: "Die Entwicklung des Hell-Schreibers" by the inventor himself: Rudolf Hell; pp. 2-11 in "Hell - Technische Mitteilungen der Firma Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell - Gerätentwicklungen aus den Jahren 1929-1939", Nr. 1, May 1940: |
The T empf 12 (Telegrafieempfänger 12) is the original Hellschreiber "Empfangsfernschreiber" printer. It is also referred to as a "Presse Hell" printer, as it was used extensively by news papers and press agencies during the 1930s (starting 1933/34, cf. last section of ref. 1), as well as the German postal system.
Two models of T empf 12 were made: T empf 12a and T empf 12b. Both are simple "printer only" devices: they comprise a power supply, a motor with centrifugal speed regulation, and a printer spindle with an electromagnet. These Hellschreibers do not contain the electronic circuitry that is required to energize the electromagnet. This means that a suitable amplifier ("Zwischengerät", "Tastgerät", "Tastverstärker") must be placed between the loudspeaker output of the radio receiver and the printer magnet. An other option is to use a special "Hellempfänger" (Hell-receiver) with a built-in detector and solenoid-driver. See the Minerva and Telefunken Hell-receivers.
The basic characteristics of these Hellschreibers are as follows:
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T empf 12a:
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T empf 12b:
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If you have any additional information or documentation on these models, please contact me!
The front of "Presse Hell" model T empf 12a
(source: figure 1 in ref. 7)
The inside of "Presse Hell" model T empf 12a
(source: figure 2 in ref. 7)
The 1934 "Presse Hell" model T empf 12b (S/N 5747)
(source: Norsk Teknisk Museum (Norwegian Technology Museum); the Norwegian News Agency began using this device in November 1934 for the reception of news from abroad via radio. Messages were received from transmitters in Berlin, Rome, Paris, London and Moscow.)
The
1934-1939 "Presse Hell" model T empf 12b
(source: figure 10 in ref. 3)
Rear of the
T empf 12b - without cover
(source: figure 10 in ref. 3)
T empf 12 "Presse-Hell"
printer
of the Dutch press agency ANP in action (1936)
(source: Polygoon Hollands Nieuws (Dutch movie theater
newsreel), "Een kijkje achter de schermen bij het "Algemeen Nederlandsch
Persbureau A.N.P." bij de in werkstelling van hetTelex-net",
31 March 1936; the 3 minute video clip can be
watched
here (external link) or downloaded
here (20 MB) - the Hell
printer is shown after 1:50)
REFERENCES
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Ref. 1: p.7 in "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Fernmeldetechnik, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 2. 37. 5. T., SH6592, 1937, 7 pp. |
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Ref. 2: “Reuters' Wireless Services”, W. West, The Post Office Electrical Engineers’ Journal, Vol. 39, July 1946, pp. 48-52 [incomplete file] |
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Ref. 3: “Der SH-Feldschreiber“, Siemens-Halske AG, Berlin-Siemensstadt, SH 7535. 1.2.39. TT1., 11 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München) |
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Ref. 4: "DANA", H. Warner Waid (editor), pp. 9, 10, 32 in "Weekly Information Bulletin", No. 59, 16 Sept. 1946, 32 pp., Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-5 Division USFET, Information Branch |
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Ref. 5: "Die Entwicklung des Hell-Schreibers" by the inventor himself: Rudolf Hell; pp. 2-11 in "Gerätentwicklungen aus den Jahren 1929-1939", Hell - Technische Mitteilungen der Firma Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell, Nr. 1, Mai 1940 [in German] |
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Ref. 6: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Alexander B. Damjanovic, Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Jg. 17, Nr. 12, 1936, 7 pp., SH 6554, 1. 37. 0,5 T. |
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Ref. 7:
"Bedienungsanweisung
für den Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T.empf.12a", Siemens & Halske AG,
Wernerwerk, Telegrafen-Abteilung, Berlin-Siemensstadt, March 1935, 17
pp., Te 11/3 (courtesy B. Rothe)
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The original "Presse Hell" model T empf 12 was developed ca. 1933. In 1940, model T empf 12 was replaced with model T empf 14. Again, this is a "Presse Hell" device, used extensively by newspapers and press agencies.
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Standard "two-turn printer spindle (with inked felt ring) and electro-magnet" printer mechanism for standard 15 mm wide paper tape. |
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Telegraphy speed is 5 chars/sec. Not selectable. |
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The housing is molded bakelite ("Preßstofgehäuse"). |
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Dimensions: 31x23x21 cm (≈12x8x9½") and it weighs 6½ kg (≈14 lbs). |
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This Hellschreiber is equipped with a “universal motor”, i.e., an AC series-motor (a.k.a. AC commutator motor). Such motors can operate on both DC and single-phase-AC current. Operation is selectable between 125/220 Vac and 110/220 Vdc. Some versions of this model are only for a single voltage. The motor has a centrifugal speed regulator, and EMI suppression from 37.5 kHz – 30 MHz. I |
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Some versions of this model have an audio transformer followed by a full-wave selenium rectifier bridge at the input. This allows direct hook-up to a "Fernmeldeleitung" (48 – 60 volt telephone lines). About half of the T empf 14 circuitry is for remote on/off control. |
Front-view of
a
Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14
Close-up of the printer of a Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14
Left-hand side
of a
Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14
Right-hand side of a
Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14
(the serrated
knob is for motor speed control)
Rear of a
Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14
My 3D/stereoscopic photos of the T empf 14 "Presse Hell" are here.
Here is a 10 sec video clip that I made of this printer in action:
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(click here to start your own player)
Printed tape of the above machine
The 1940 model
Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T empf 14 - opened rear with circuit card
(source: figure 4 in ref. 4)
REFERENCES
Like the T empf 12, the T empf 14 requires a keying device between the radio receiver and the printer, or a special "Hellempfänger" (Hell-receiver) with built-in detector and driver. See the Minerva and Telefunken Hell-receivers.
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Ref. 5: “Der neue Siemens-Hell-Schreiber“, Wilhelm Heller, Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Abt. F. Telegrafengerät, May 1940, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, SH7996, 1.8.40 T T1., 4 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München) |
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Ref. 6: "T empf 14 Schaltplan" [schematic] (courtesy Heinz Blumberg, DC4GL) |
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Ref. 7: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber (T empf 14) - Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift" [incl. description of Funk Empf 61], Siemens-Halske AG, Wernerwerk F, Te 11/46, WWT. 1000., S. 47. 1494 Reg.-Nr. 115, November 1946, 21 pp. (courtesy Heinz Blumberg, DC4GL) |
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Ref. 8:
p. 65 in "Siemens-Hell-Geräte",
pp. 61-77 in "Telegrafentechnik", Band 6, Teil 6 of "Der Dienst bei der
Deutschen Bundespost - Leitfaden für die Ausbildung", Fritz Schiweck (ed.),
R. v. Decker's Verlag, G. Schenck, 1960, 970 pp.
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Kombiniertes Siemens-Hell-Gerät (Sender u. Empfänger) "T send 18b", BxTxH=43x39x34.5, 21kg, 45 W (1937). Per ref. 4, this machine cost 3735 RM in 1937: about two years salary for an average worker at that time.
Siemens-Hell-Gerät (Sender und
Empfänger) "T send 18b"
(source:
figure 8 in ref. 5, 1936; also: figure 11 in ref. 4, 1937)
REFERENCES
Note: there also is a "T send 18a". This is a Siemens-Hell-Handgeber. I.e., a sender without printer. See the "Siemens Hellschreiber peripherals" page.
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Ref. 4: p.7 in "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Fernmeldetechnik, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 2. 37. 5. T., SH6592, 1937, 7 pp. |
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Ref. 5: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Alexander B. Damjanovic, Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Jg. 17, Nr. 12, 1936, 7 pp., SH 66554, 1. 37. 0,5 T. |
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