This page is a repository of about 330 Hellschreiber related documents that I have been able to collect to this day. There is still a number of documents that I am trying to get a copy of. My current "wanted list" is here (latest update: January 2021). Please contact me if you can help getting copies (or high-res scans) of those documents, or of relevant documents that are not listed below.

Throughout the pages of this Hellschreiber website, I have referenced and provided about 2300 additional documents (incl. patents). However, they are more about historic aspects of related technologies, Hellschreiber components and their manufacturers, equipment interfaced with Hellschreibers machines, Hell machines from other manufacturers, modern software implementations, etc.

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS FROM SIEMENS & HALSKE (1933-1975)

• Ref. A1: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", H. Stahl, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 1934, 15 pp. SH5358, 1.34.1,5 T. reprint from "Telegraphen- und Fernsprechtechnik", Vol. 22, Nr.11, November 1933, pp. 291-295
• Ref. A2: "Siemens-Hell-Lochstreifengeber "S" - T send 62 a", [product brochure] Siemens-Halske A.G., Wernerwerk für Fernmeldetechnik, SH 2969, St KB 1213/1, 11531.T.Fs, 1931?, 2 pp.
• Ref. A3: "Bedienungsanweisung für den Siemens-Hell-Schreiber T.empf.12a", Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk, Telegrafen-Abteilung, Berlin-Siemensstadt, March 1935, 17 pp.,Te 11/3
• Ref. A4: "Grundlagen der Springschreibertechnik" (Part 1-5) [start-stop synchronization], F. Schiweck, Telegraphen-, und Fernsprech-Technik, Jg. 25, Nr. 3, March 1936, pp. 53-57, Nr. 4, April 1936, pp. 91-97, Nr. 6, June 1936, pp. 139-144, Nr. 9, September 1936, pp. 245-250, Nr. 11, November 1936, pp. 307-313 – 31 pp. total; also: Fernmelde-Technik, 1937, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 26 pp. ; also: SH. 6623, 1939, 26 pp.
• Ref. A5: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Alexander B. Damjanovic, Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Jg. 17, Nr. 12, December 1936, 7 pp., SH 6654, 1. 37. 0,5 T.
• Ref. A6: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", in "Fernmeldetechnik", Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 2. 37. 5. T., SH6592, 1937, 7 pp.
• Ref. A7: "Der SH-Feldschreiber", Siemens-Halske AG, Berlin-Siemensstadt, SH 7535. 1.2.39. TT1., 11 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München)
• Ref. A8: "Verringerung der Fehleranfälligkeit drahtloser Telegrafiewege durch Maßnahmen im Niederfrequenzteil der Überttragungssysteme", [Hellschreiber on pp. 56-58] K. Reche, A. Arzmaier, R. Zimmermann, in "Telefunken-Hausmitteilungen", Jg. 20, Heft 80, March 1939, pp. 53-62
• Ref. A9: "Der Betrieb von Siemens-Hell-Schreibern auf Hochspannungsleitungen im Elektrizitätswerk-Nachrichtendienst" [operating Hellschreibers on 60 kV and 100 kV power lines], Fernmeldetechnik, Siemens & Halske, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 1939, SH. 7802, 1,5 9. 39, 4 pp.
• Ref. A10: "Widerstände, Kondensatoren und sonstige Einzelteile" [1930s component technology of resistors, capactors, etc.], H. Nottebrock, in "Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiet der Nachrichtentechnik", Jg. 9, 1939, Folge 2, 11 pp., SH. 7756, 3.7.39. KV. VE., Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt.
• Ref. A11: "Der SH-Feldschreiber", in "Fernmeldetechnik", Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 1940, 14 pp., SH. 7535a, 1.1.40 TT1. N/1069 [note: not the same as SH 7535 from 1939, 11 pp.]
• Ref. A12: "Bandbreitenfragen bei Anwendung der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik" [signal bandwidth issues with A2 and A3 modulation], Rudolf Zimmermann, 7 pp., in "Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks", Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, Berlin-Siemensstadt, May 1940, SH 7998, 1. 8. 40. T T1, 7 pp. Also published in "Siemens & Halske - Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Nachrichtentechnik", Vol. 10, Nr. 1, 1940, pp. 73-78.
• Ref. A13: "Der neue Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Wilhelm Heller, in "Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks", Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, May 1940, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, SH7996, 1.8.40 T T1., 4 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München)
• Ref. A14: "Über Tastfragen bei der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik" [interfacing Hellschreiber to CW-transmitters via keyer], Rudolf Zimmermann, in "Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks", Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 1940, 8 pp., SH. 7999, 1.8.40. T T1. Also published in "Siemens & Halske - Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Nachrichtentechnik", Vol. 10, Nr. 1, 1940, pp. 79-84.
• Ref. A15: "Öl- und Schmieranleitung für den Siemens-Hell-Feldfernschreiber" (lubrication manual), Fernmelde Technik, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, SH 7976 5.6.40 T T1 (C/0921), 7 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München)
• Ref. A16: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", H. Schulz, in "Telegraphen-, Fernsprech-, Funk- und Fernseh-Technik", Vol. 30, Nr.2, 1941, pp. 52-57 (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München) - this is a reprint of the original publication of the article.
• Ref. A17: "Stand der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik", Rudolf Zimmerman, Siemens & Halske A.G. - Wernerwerk, in "Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät", SH 7997. 0,5. 1043. TT1. M/1401, May 1940, 10 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München). Also published in "Siemens & Halske - Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Nachrichtentechnik", Vol. 10, Nr. 1, 1940, pp. 63-71.
• Ref. A18: "Ein neuer Empfangslocher für Fernschreibbetrieb" [tape puncher], H. Wüsteney, E. Lölkes, F. Nitschke, in "Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau", Nr. 4, 1943, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk für Telegrafengerät, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 5 pp. , SH 8356. 543. TFs 2.
• Ref. A19: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Siemens & Halske A.G., Siemens Fernmelde Technik, SH 8354. 443. TT1., 1943, 7 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München)
• Ref. A20: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber (T empf 14) - Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift", Siemens-Halske AG, Wernerwerk F, Te 11/46, WWT. 1000., S. 47. 1494 Reg.-Nr. 115, November 1946, 21 pp.
• Ref. A21: "Siemens-Hell-Technik", company brochure, Siemens & Halske AG, SH Nr. 725, 6 pp.
• Ref. A22: "BLATTSCHREIBER für das Siemens-Hell-Verfahren", company brochure, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Fernmeldetechnik, SH 1016a, 6513. F Fs, 2 pp.
• Ref. A23: "Überlagerungs-Telegrafiesystem Hell-ÜT", Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, product brochure, 1951, 2 pp.
• Ref. A24: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber "GL" T typ 72 a", Beschreibung St Bs 1211/8 [description and schematic], June 1954, Siemens Fernschreibtechnik, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Fernmeldetechnik, 33 pp.
• Ref. A25: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber „GL““ T typ 72 c – Beschreibung", St Bs 1211/2, October 1955, 31 pp. + schematics , Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, T Werb 2880 R GN, 956.0,2 [52 MB].
• Ref. A26: "Siemens-Hell-Fernschreiber „GL" T typ 72b – Bedienungs- und Wartungsanleitung St Wa 1211/11", Siemens-Halske A.G., Wernerwerk für Fernmeldetechnik, SH 2915, 10530.5 T, ca. 1955, 6 pp.
• Ref. A27: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber „GL“ T typ 72 c – Betriebs- und Bedienungsanleitung mit Teileverzeichnis", St Ba 1211/2, December 1956, 56 pp. + schematics, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik [48 MB]
• Ref. A28: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber "L" - T empf 39 d", Siemens Fernschreib Technik, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, Beschreibung St Bs 1223/11 [incl. schematic], July 1957, 32 pp.
• Ref. A29: "Siemens-Hell-Fernschreiber „AGL" T typ 73 – Bedienungs- und Wartungsanleitung für den angebauten Lochstreifensender“, Siemens-Halske A.G. Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, Fs Wa 1233/4, SuW Bln 05, 559.0.2, January 1959, 4 pp.
• Ref. 30: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber "F" - T empf 40 a", Beschreibung St Bs 1221/3, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, February 1960, 14 pp., SuW 6165 R 260.0,2
• Ref. A31: "Siemens Hellgeräte", Siemens, ca. August 1965 [6 pp. but incomplete; includes Hell-80 and Hell-80A)
• Ref. A32: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber 80" [description & characteristics], Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, SH 9651, 6 pp., 1960?
• Ref. A33: "Feldfernschreiber (Siemens-Hell-Schreiber 80) Bedienungsvorschrift Wa T App 80" [operating instructions summary], Siemens & Halske AG, SuW 54656 UN, 769.0.1, 3/68, 2 pp. (1968)
• Ref. A34: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber 80 – Betriebsanleitung Teileliste", Siemens AG, Bereich Fernschreib- und Datenverkehr, document A22232-A80-A1-1-30, SuW 55097 UN, 270.0,1, 7/1968, 175 pp.; also: Technische Dienstvorschrift TDv 5815/018-13; (Operating manual; 49 MB; low-res file (39 MB) is here).
• Ref. A35: "Siemens Hell Schreiber 80 – Beschreibung", Siemens AG, document A22232-A80-A1-1-18, SuW 54232 1268.0,5, 11/1968, 31 pp. (Description; 15 MB)
• Ref. A36: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber 80 - Bedienungsanleitung", Siemens AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, Werksabteilung für Fernschreibgeräte, document A22232-A80-A1-1-19, SuW 54658 UN, 769.0,4, 5/1969, also: technische Dienstvorschrift TDv 5815/018-13; (Operating manual; 39 MB; low-res file (29 MB) is here).
• Ref. A37: Siemens Hell Schreiber 80 schematics A1-0-12, A1-6-12, F1-6, L80-N1-8, L80-F21-3-11 [very large format originals (size A0, A1), each scanned as multiple A3-size sheets].
• Ref. A38: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber 44 - Beschreibung", Siemens AG, Bereich Fernschreib- und Datenverkehr, A22232-A44-A3-1-18, Ag 02730.2, December 1972, 23 pp.
• Ref. A39: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber „GL" T typ 72 c" [brief description & characteristics], Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Telegrafen- und Signaltechnik, SH 4057, KB T App 15, 7591. T FS 3, 2 pp., 1975?
• Ref. A40: "Hell-72 "GL" Start-Stop-Sender, Start-Stop-Empfänger", Siemens Hell-Technik, T Ausbildung S-Hell, Änderung 1, pp. 7-8, SuW 2957 R, 559.0,2

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Arie van Oijen (PE1AQB) Gerard Wolthuis (PA3BCB), Heinz Blumberg (DC4GL), Ralf Lampe, Bernd Rothe, Siemens Corporate Archive/München.

External links last checked: October 2015

GERMAN MILITARY DOCUMENTS - WEHRMACHT, HEER, LUFTWAFFE (1939-1944)

• Ref. B1: "Der Typenbildschreiber (Hellschreiber)", Probst, pp. 164-166 in "Deutsche Nachrichtentruppen (Die F-Flagge)" [Zeitschrift für die Nachrichtentruppe und Truppennachrichtenverbände des Heeres, der Luftwaffe und der Waffen-SS - Nachrichtenblatt der Nachrichtenkameradschaften des NS-Reichskriegerbundes], Vol. 15, Nr. 9, September 1939, pp. 164-166
• Ref. B2: "Der Feldfernschreiber; Schaltbild des Feldfernschreibers", Heeresnachrichtenschule Gr. Fe [Army Signal Corps School], Merkblatt Fe 601 + Fe 602, Halle (Saale), January 1940, 5 pp.
• Ref. B3: "Der Feldfernschreiber", Luftwaffen Dienstvorschriften L.Dv. 702/1 Heft 213, "Luftnachrichtentruppe – Ausbildung am Gerät, Teil 1 - Gerätebeschreibungen", Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), 21 November 1940 [25 MB; this is the Luftwaffe Feld-Hell manual; counterpart to the Army manual D 758/1 below]
• Ref. B3A: "Der Feldfernschreiber", LDv 702/1, Heft 213; pp. 8-27 in "Fernschreibmaschinen", Heft 2 of "Fernschreibgerätelehre", Fsg-2, Arbeitsunterlagen für nachrichtentechnisches Unterricht, Luftnachrichtenschule, Halle (Saale), 2. Auflage, July 1943, 107 pp. [high-resolution scan - 47 MB]
• Ref. B4: "Der Typenbildschreiber Tbs 24a – 32", a personal Hellschreiber manual, written in 1940 by Rudolf Heinrich, soldier in the Signal Corps of the Wehrmacht (used with permission from Yuri Desyatnik). Note: this original document is handwritten, primarily in Sütterlin script, which is hard to read for most people these days.
• Ref. B4A: A German version, transcribed to modern script by R. Gellhaus, and edited by me, is here.
• Ref. B4B: An English version of the above transcribed German version, translated by me, Frank Dörenberg; is here.
• Ref. B4C: For linguistically inclined readers, here is a version that has both the transcribed and the translated version, side by side.
• Ref. B4D: The army units that Rudolf Heinrich served in, had Feldpost (field mail service) numbers 15663 and 27185. All Feldpost numbers are covered in "Die deutsche Feldpostübersicht - vollständiges Verzeichnis der Feldpostnummern in numerischer Folge und deren Aufschlüsselung; bearbeitet nach den im Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv verwahrten Unterlagen des Heeresfeldpostmeister", Norbert Kannapin, Biblio-Verlag, ISBN-10: 3764811838; Bd. 1: Feldpost numbers 00001-20308, 429 pp., 1980, Bd. 2: numbers 20309-41991, 415 pp., 1981; Bd. 3: numbers 41992-87919, 321 pp., 1982. The pages with Nr. 15663 and 27185 are here.
• Ref. B5: "Der Feldfernschreiber", document D 758/1 of the Oberkommando des Heeres, Heereswaffenamt, Amtsgruppe für Entwicklung und Prüfung, Berlin, 1 April 1941; this is the official original army manual in German for model T typ 58 (a.k.a. model 24a-32, a1, a2, based on drawing numbers). Here is another scan of this document, with high image quality. [30 MB]
• Ref. B5A: "The Feldfernschreiber", the above D 758/1 "Der Feldfernschreiber" document, translated into English and annotated by me, Frank Dörenberg; updated 2 May 2009.
• Ref. B6: "Merkblatt für die Bedienung des Tastzusatzes zum Feldfernschreiber (Tz. (Fu) 100 WS.)" [manual for the Feld-Hell keying device for the 100WS and 15WSb transmitters], Heereswaffenamt, Amtsgruppe für Entwicklung und Prüfung, Berlin, 1 January 1943, D 9016/5, 24 pp.
• Ref. B7: "Der Feldfernschreiber", 5 pp (3 pp. text + 1 schematic + photo page) in Gerätebeschreibung" [file size: 186 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 68 MB; much smaller, individual sections are available below as ref. 30A-30T], Part 3 of "Theoretische und praktische Gerätelehre für den Versuchsfunker", 1./Ln.Vers.Rgt.(mot.), Köthen, 1942. Source: BArch file nr. (Signatur) RL 17/543, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016". Note: this document has no table of contents, and pages are not numbered.
• Ref. B8: "Die Hellschreiber Apparate", "Bedienung der Hellschreiber-Anlage", "Störungen an den Hellschreiber-Apparaten", pp. 46-56, pp. 107-108, and pp. 150-154 in "Die große 1,5 kW Kurzwellen-Funkstation (G 1,5 K-Station)", Schweizerische Armee Technisches Reglement Nr. T 179d, Provisorische Ausgabe 1944
• Ref. B9: "Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift für Funk-Navigationsanlage FuG 120" [Description and Operating Manual for Radio-Navigation System FuG 120 "Bernhardine", with 2-channel Hellschreiber radio-navigation printer], Telefunken G.m.b.H., document FN-T-GB Nr. 1932, December 1944, 43 pp. [File size: 66 MB - a good-but-lower resoluton file is here 26 MB]
• Ref. B10: "Einton und Feldfernschreiber", pp. 84-85 in "Fernschreibbetriebsvorschrift (FS. B.V.) - Entwurf", H.Dv. 424/4, M.Dv. Nr. 924, L. Dv. 704/3a, Draft, dated 1 March 1944.
• Source: Bundesarchiv (BArch) Freiburg/Germany, archive file nr. RL/1/1522, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016"

OTHER GERMAN DOCUMENTS (1933-2013)

• Ref. C1: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber” [Handsender, Lochstreifensender, carbon tape Hellschreiber, test transmissions], H. Stahl, pp. 291-295 in “Telegraphen- und Fernsprech-Technik”, Vereinigung der höheren Reichspost- und Telegraphenbeamte unter Mitwirkung des Reichspostministeriums, Vol. 22, Nr. 11, 1933
• Ref. C2: "Neues aus der deutschen Telegraphentechnik", H. Stahl, in  “Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ)“, Beihefte, Jg. 55, Heft 1, January 1934, p.13, 14.
• Ref. C3: "Die Fortentwicklung des Fernschreibverkehrs über Draht und drahtlos", P. Storch, in “Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ)" [Hellschreiber, Handsender, Lochstreifensender on pp. 141-143], Jg. 55, Heft 5, 1 February 1934, pp. 109-112, 141-143
• Ref. C4: "Der 7-Frequenz-Funkschreiber der Les Laboratoires L.M.T.", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Elektrisches Nachrichtenwesen" (German edition of "Electrical Communication" of International Standard Electric Corp.), Volume 17, Nr. 1, December 1938, pp. 22-34
• Ref. C4A: The same article was published in English as "L.M.T. Laboratories 7-Frequency Radio-Printer", L. Devaux, F. Smets, "Electrical Communication", Volume 17, Nr. 1, July 1938, pp. 22-34
• Ref. C5: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 321-324 in "Lehrbuch der Fernmeldetechnik – Band 1", Karl Bergmann Verlag, C. Brendel, 1939, 527 pp.; also see next ref.
• Ref. C6: "Der SH-Feldschreiber", pp. 324-328 in "Lehrbuch der Fernmeldetechnik – Band 1", Karl Bergmann Verlag, C. Brendel, 1939, 527 pp.
• Ref. C7: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 16, 17 in "F Sammelliste 1939" [Telecom products overview], Siemens Fernmelde Technik, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 400 pp.
• Ref. C8: "Abtast-Telegrafen" [incl. Presse-Hell, Feld-Hell, 7-tone], chapter IV in "Taschenbuch für Fernmeldetechniker", H.W. Goetsch, Oldenbourg Verlag, 1940, pp. 411-427 of 787
• Ref. C9: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", F. Berck, pp. 237-240 in "Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ)", Vol. 61, Issue 10, 7 March 1940
• Ref. C10: "Bedeutung der Siemens-Hell-Geräte für die neuzeitliche Telegraphie" [Importance of Siemens-Hell equipment for modern telegraphy], K. Maßmann, E. Jansen in "Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau (Zeitschrift des Verbandes deutscher Schwachstrom-Industrieller)", Vol. 21, 1940, Nr. 3, pp. 39-44
• Ref. C11: "Die Einführung des Hell-Schreibers vom DNB aus gesehen. Rückschau auf den ersten Betriebsmonat" [introduction of the Hell-printer at the DNB news agency], p. 36-38 in "Der Zeitungs-Verlag: Fachblatt für das gesamte Pressewesen", Vol. 42, Nr. 4, 25 January 1941
• Ref. C12: "Fernmeldetechnik", Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", Fritz Schiweck, 1^st ed., 1942, 526 pp., C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung:
• Ref. C12A: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 149-166
• Ref. C12B: "Der 7-Frequenzen-Schreiber" [7-tone printer], pp. 166-167
• Ref. C12C: "Schnellmorseempfänger" [high-speed Morse printers], pp. 145-149
• Ref. C13: "Der Siemens Hellschreiber", pp. 445-448, §1 E "Bildfunk" in "Lehrbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik", Fritz Vilbig, Vol. II, 4^th ed., Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erber Kom.-Ges., 1944. (p. 448 missing)
• Ref. C14: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber und der neue Telefunken-Langwellen-Hell-Empfänger", in "Hochfrequenztechnik und Funk-Praxis - Zeitschrift für Funktechnik", Vol. 1, Nr. 14, December 1948
• Ref. C15: "Der Hellschreiber", F. Bergtold, pp. 636-638 in "Orion, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Zeitschrift für Jedermann", Jg. 4, Nr. 16, August 1949 [p. 638 missing]
• Ref. C16: pp. 94-96, 162, 163, 170-172 in "Hochfrequenz-Nachrichtentrechnik für Elektrizitätswerke" [Hellschreiber over 30-220 kV power lines], 2^nd ed., Gerhard Dreßler, Heinrich-Karl Podszeck, Springer Verlag, 1952, 183 pp.
• Ref. C17: "Hell-Schreiber", Section 4e, pp. 465-467 in "Die Elektrotechnik", Rudolf Reinhardt (new edition by Friedrich Weichert), Fachbuchverlag, 1954, 600 pp.
• Ref. C18: "Der Siemens-Hell Schreiber für Betrieb auf Leitungen", in "Siemens Zeitschrift", Vol. 28, Nr. 3-4, April 1954, pp. 152-155.
• Ref. C19: "Der Hellschreiber", section 4 pp. 75-76 in chapter "Fernmeldeeinrichtungen" of "Allgemeine Elektrotechnik: Schwachstrom: Grundbegriffe der Fernsprechtechnik, Fernsprechanlagen, Fernmeldeanlagen, normalisierte Schaltbilder", Josef Charwat, Verlag des Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbundes, 1955, 103 pp. [20 MB]
• Ref. C20: "Hell-Schreiber", p. 477-479 in "Die Elektrotechnik: Die Grundgesetze der Elektrizitätslehre und die technische Erzeugung und Verwertung des elektrischen Stromes in gemeinverständlicher Darstellung", 4^th ed., Rudolf Reinhardt (neu bearbeitet von F. Weichert), Fachbuchverlag, 1955, 631 pp.
• Ref. C21: "Siemens-Hell-Geräte", pp. 61-77 in "Telegrafentechnik", Band 6, Teil 6 of "Der Dienst bei der Deutschen Bundespost - Leitfaden für die Ausbildung", [Hell Morse-Handlocher, Hell Morse-Schnellsender, Lochstreifensender, Streifenschreiber, Blattschreiber, Summer, Start-Stop, Anfeuchtgerät, Tabelle I (Bauarten), III (Siemens-Halske Bauarten), VII (Fernkabel)], Fritz Schiweck (ed.), R. v. Decker's Verlag, G. Schenck, 1960, 970 pp.
• Ref. C22: "Hell-Schreibverfahren", section 2.1 (pp. 560-563) in "Funktechnik", Band 6, Teil 7 of "Der Dienst bei der Deutschen Bundespost - Leitfaden für die Ausbildung", Fritz Schiweck (ed.), R. v. Decker's Verlag, G. Schenck, 1960, 970 pp.
• Ref. C23: "Der neue Siemens-Hell-Streifenschreiber für Start-Stop-betrieb bei der Deutschen Bundesbahn", Helmut Wendrich, in "Signal + Draht: Zeitschrift für das Signal- und Fernmeldewesen der Eisenbahnen", Nr. ??, 19??, pp. 78-80
• Ref. C24: "Lochstreifensender für Hellgeber", Werner Leitenberger, in "Signal + Draht: Zeitschrift für das Signal- und Fernmeldewesen der Eisenbahnen", Nr. 4, April 1958, pp. 77-78
• Ref. C25: "Unser Start mit RTTY" [1^st RTTY and Hellschreiber permit in Germany], Hans Horn, in "DL-QTC", Heft 8, 1960, pp. 71-73
• Ref. C26: "Die schreibenden Drucktelegraphen (Bildschreiber) - Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 358-378 in "Fernmeldetechnik", Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", Fritz Schiweck, 4^th ed., 1962, C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 894 pp.
• Ref. C27: "Siemens-Hell-Blattschreiber", Section 9.5.2.6 (pp. 368-372) in "Fernschreibtechnik", Fritz Schiweck, Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", 4^th ed., 1962, C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 894 pp. Note that the Blattschreiber does not appear in earlier editions of this book.
• Ref. C28: "Der Hell-Schreiber", pp. 15-19 in "Einführung in die Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik", Volker Aschoff, Springer-Verlag, 1968, 147 pp.
• Ref. C29: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", §4.3.2.1 (pp. 948-951) in "Nachrichtentechnik", Vol. 3 of "Taschenbuch Elektrotechnik", Eugen Philippow, VEB Verlag Technik, 1967, 1624 pp.
• Ref. C30: "Entwicklung kommerzieller Empfänger", H. Hart, G. Schaffstein, G.Vogt, in "Telefunken Zeitung (technisch-wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen der Telefunken GmbH)", Jg. 23, Heft 87/88, September 1950 [incl. "Telefunken Presse-Hellempfänger E 11" and "Presse-Hellempfänger EPH/L/2" - special receivers with built-in detector/solenoid-driver for Presse Hell machines]
• Ref. C31: pp. 158-165 in "Die Erde wird kleiner: vom Fackelzeichen zum Bildtelegramm" [brief description of start-stop sync and Hellschreiber], Johannes Sigleur, Franckh Publ., 1954, ASIN: B0028N8VXK.
• Ref. C32: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 1314-1315 in "Das Bertelsmann Bildungsbuch", Bertelsmann Verlag, July 1956, 1886 pp.
• Ref. C33: "Die Fernmeldetechnik als Hilfe bei der Rationalisierung der Eisenbahn", W. Leitenberger [Hellschreiber use in German railroad system is described in Section 3: "Modernisierung des Eisenbahnbetriebes"], in "ETR: Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau", Nr. 4, April 1966, pp. 139-146
• Ref. C34: "Fs Apparate Sammlung 1945 - Ein neuer Anfang 1975, dem großen Strukturwandel in der Technologie", 1960s ? [2 pp. but incomplete; Hell-80]
• Ref. C35: "Wann wurde eigentlich der letzte Hellschreiber außer Betrieb genommen??" ["When was the last Hellschreiber taken out of service??"], 2008 thread in the "Historische Bahn" forum of "Drehscheibe" ("turntable") website of railroad enthusiasts.
• Ref. C36: "Der KVP / NVA Feldfernschreiber FSS.02-00001", Bernd Rothe, V2.3, 2013, 26 pp.
• Ref. C37: "Der RFT-ATF Fernschreiber von 1952", Bernd Rothe, V3.1, 2013, 13 pp.

DOCUMENTS FROM/ABOUT RUDOLF HELL AND THE HELL COMPANY (1926-2003)

• Ref. D1: "Die Entwicklung des Bildfunks", in "Funk (Wochenschrift des Funkwesens)", Weidmannsche Buchh., 1926, Heft 17, p. 131
• Ref. D2: "Die Selbstherstellung eines Funkbild-Empfangsgerätes" [build your own fax machine], Rudolf Hell, in "Funk - Wochenschrift des Funkwesens", Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1926, 6 pp.
• Ref. D3: "Direktzeigendes funkentelegraphisches Peilverfahren", Rudolf Hell, 1929, 10 pp., Krayn Verlag, Berlin, Hochschulschrift, 1928 doctoral dissertation at Technische Hochschule München; Also appeared in: "Jahrbuch der drahtlosen Telegraphie".
• Ref. D4: "Einfärbvorrichtung Type EF 2/B - Gebrauchsanleitung" [manual for Hellschreiber re-inking device from Hell Co.], 1 p.
• Ref. D5: "Hell - Technische Mitteilungen der Firma Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell - Gerätentwicklungen aus den Jahren 1929-1939", Nr. 1, May 1940:
• Ref. D5A: "Die Entwicklung des Hell-Schreibers" by the inventor himself: Rudolf Hell; pp. 2-11
• Ref. D5B: "Der Siemens-Hell-Feldschreiber", by Rudolf Hell's co-workers G. Ege and H. Promnitz, pp. 11-20
• Ref. D5C: "Eine Untersuchung zur Bekämpfung von Doppelzeichen im Kurzwellen-Hell-Telegrafie-betrieb", H. Haberland, pp. 32-40
• Ref. D6: "Rudolf Hell 65 years old", in "NTZ-Communications Journal" (NTZ-CJ), No. 3, 1967, p. 146
• Ref. D7: "Anwendung von Faksimile-Hellschreibern für den Boden-Bord-Verkehr" [Hell fax, Zetfax], Rudolf Hell, pp. 67-75 in "Flugsicherungs-Verfahren und -Technik: Grundsätzliches über die Technik für Flugsicherung und Betrachtung der wichtigsten technischen Hilfsmittel außer Radar", Teil IIIB in "Flugnavigation und Flugsicherung", Band 7 of "Bücherei der Funkortung", proceedings of the "Internationale Jahrestagung des Ausschuß für Funkortung", Berlin; Verkehrs- und Wirtschafts-Verlag, 1958, 107 pp.
• Ref. D8: "ZETFAX, aus der Praxis, für die Praxis" [Hell Co. optical-scan + Hellschreiber tape printer], Rudolf Hell GmbH, 1968, 19 pp., ZA-2-6807(592).
• Ref. D9: "Gutenberg-Preis der Stadt Mainz und der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft verliehen an Rudolf Hell am 25. Juni 1977", Reihe: "Kleiner Druck der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft", Nr. 104, Gutenberg-Gesellschaft, 1978, 32 pp., ISBN-10: 3775521046 (here: only pp. 14-32: speeches by Prof. H. Zapf and Rudolf Hell)
• Ref. D10: "Hell, Rudolf", Herbert Goetzeler, pp. 76-77 in "Männer der Funktechnik – eine Sammlung von 70 Lebenswerken deutscher Pioniere der Funktechnik (drahtlose Telegrafie, Radar, Rundfunk und Fernsehen)", Sigfrid von Weiher (ed.), VDE-Verlag,1983, ISBN 3-8007-1314-4
• Ref. D11: "Hell-FAX" [KF-108 etc.], Jörg Schlemminger (DB4LM), in "cq-DL", 1987, nr. 3, p. 182
• Ref. D12: "Hell-Schreiben - Dr. Hell wird 85 Jahre alt", Thomas Beiderwieden (DG9YAG), in "cq-DL", 1989, nr. 2, p. 120
• Ref. D13: "Wegbereiter der Nachrichtentechnik", G. Weinreich, in "Deutsche Telekom Unterrichtsblätter", Jg. 53, Nr. 1, January 2000, pp. 32-36
• Ref. D14: Schierling - Archiv 2001:
• Ref. D14A: "Lebensdaten und Ehrungen Dr. Rudolf Hell"
• Ref. D14B: "Das Jahrhundert entscheidend mitgeprägt"
• Ref. D15: "Die Firmenneugründung der Firma Dr.Ing. Rudolf Hell GmbH in Kiel 1947 - Interview zwischen Christian Sütel und Christian Onnasch, gehalten am 1. September 2001" [post-war re-start of the Hell company in Kiel], 12 pp.
• Ref. D16: "Rudolf Hell zum 100. Geburtstag - Das Jahrhundert entscheidend mitgeprägt", Festschrift der Heidelberger Druck AG zum 100. Geburtstag von Dr. Rudolf Hell, 21 December 2001, 16 pp.
• Ref. D17: "Laudatio auf Dr.-Ing., Dr.-Ing. E.h. Rudolf Hell zum 100. Geburtstag", Boris Fuchs, Frankenthal, Archiv Schierling 2001
• Ref. D18: "Rudolf Hell war ein genialer Erfinder", Gottfried North, in "DAS ARCHIV - Magazin für Kommunikationsgeschichte, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Post- und Telekommunikationsgeschichte e.V.", 2003, Band 2, pp. 96 – 97
• Ref. D19: "Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell: Der Jahrhundert-Ingenieur im Spiegelbild des Zeitgeschehens. Sein beispielhaftes Wirken." ["Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell: engineer of the century. His exemplary contributions"], by Boris Fuchs and Christian Onnasch, Edition Braus, Wachter Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-89904-163-1, 280 pp.
• Ref. D20: "Das Hell-Jahrhundert" [The Hell Century], Lothar Deckert, 2006, Schmidt & Klaunig (publ. & printing), ISBN 9783-8831-2367-7, 182 pp. [ 24 MB]. Source: Verein der Freunde und Förderer Technische Sammlung Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell in Kiel e.V; accessed 6 March 2019.
• Ref. D21: "Umbruch in der Medienwelt: der Erfinder Rudolf Hell Der Erfinder Rudolf Hell", F. Gnegel, in "Das Archiv. Magazin für Post- und Telekommunikationsgeschichte", 2009, Heft 2, pp. 65-70. See note 1 at bottom of page.

THE FELD-HELL "MODERN CLASSICS" / "REVIVAL CLASSICS" (1977-1990)

• Ref. E1: "Hellschreiber - een herontdekking", Hans Evers PAØCX/DJØSA, in "Electron", 6/1977, pp. 297-303  [in Dutch]
• Ref. E2: "Hellschreiber - a rediscovery", Hans Evers PAØCX / DJØSA, in "Ham Radio", 12/1979, pp. 28-32
• Ref. E2A: "Hellschreiber" series of comments to the above 12/1979 Ham Radio article "Hellschreiber - a rediscovery" article, by E. Concklin, K6KA, Henry Plant, W6DKZ, and Stanley Cook, G5XB, in "Ham Radio", 3/1980 and 9/1980.
• Ref. E3: "Hellschreiber - what it is and how it works", Stanley Cook GB5XB, in "Radio Communication", 4/1981, pp. 320-232
• Ref. E4: "Hellschreiber - Nostalgie oder Realität?", Helmut Liebich DL1OY, in "Funkschau", 11/1990, pp. 58-61

ARTICLES FROM GERMAN AMATEUR RADIO MAGAZINES (1975-2010)

• Ref. F1: "Unser Start mit RTTY", Hans Horn, pp. 71-73. in "DL-QTC", Heft 8, 1960
• Ref. F2: "RTTY-Funkfernschreiben nach dem System-Hell", Peter Stolzenberg, DC9XD, in "QRV: Amateur Radio", Jg. 29, 1975, pp. 562-571
• Ref. F3: "Bediengerät zum RTTY-Hell System", Peter Stolzenberg, DC9XD, in "QRV: Amateur Radio", Heft 2, Jg. 31, January 1977, pp. 71-75
• Ref. F4: "An alle, die Hell-Schreibgeräte besitzen und damit qrv sind…", Horst Werner (DJ2HN), in "QRV : Amateur Radio", Jg. 34, Nr. 5, May 1980, p. 305
• Ref. F5: translation (with PCB layout) by Helmut Liebich (DL1OY, SK) of “Een CW Hell-Interface” by Klaas Robers (PA0KLS) - ref. 13 in the "Dutch amateur radio magazines" section
• Ref. F5A: "Ein CW-Hell Interface", in "RTTY - Informationsorgan d. DAFG e. V. u. d. Swiss-ARTG", Jg. 12, nr. 1, January 1981, pp. 5-8
• Ref. F5B: "Ein CW-Hell Interface", in "RTTY - Informationsblatt für Bild- und Schriftübertragung d. DAFG e.V. im internationalen Verkehr: GARTG", Vol. 18, nr. 4, November 1987, p. 16-18.
• Ref. F6: "Selbstbau eines Feld-Hellschreibers", Eckhard Bremer, DG9JO, in "RTTY", No. 2, February 1981
• Ref. F7: "2. DAFG-Hell-Contest 1981" [contest announcement], in "RTTY - Informationsorgan d. DAFG e. V. u. d. Swiss-ARTG", Jg. 12, nr. 3, March 1981, p. 35.
• Ref. F8: "Hellschreiben auf Kurz- und Ultrakurzwelle", Helmut Liebich (DL1OY), in "RTTY - Informationsorgan d. DAFG e. V. u. d. Swiss-ARTG", Jg. 12, nr. 4, April 1981, pp. 6-9
• Ref. F9: "Was ist ein Hellschreiber?", in "RTTY - Informationsorgan für Bild- und Schriftübertragung", Vol. 13, nr. 2, April 1982, p. 9.
• Ref. F10: "Funkfernschreib-Verfahren (1)", Ludwin Monz (DF8PD), Joachim Wollweber (DF5PY), in "cq-DL", 1985, nr. 12, pp. 700-702
• Ref. F11: "Hellschreibrunden auf UKW und KW", Helmut Liebich (DL1OY), in "cq-DL", 1986, nr. 2, p. 113
• Ref. F13 "Apple-Hell-Schreiber", Bernd Nienhaus (DJ5QM), in "RTTY - Informationsorgan d. DAFG e. V. u. d. Swiss-ARTG", Jg. 18, Nr. 4, November 1987, pp. 6-7; based on article "" by Klaas Robers (PA0KLS)
• Ref. F14: "Ein CW-Hell Interface", Helmut Liebich (DL1OY), in "RTTY - Informationsorgan d. DAFG e. V. u. d. Swiss-ARTG", Jg. 18, Nr. 4, November 1987, pp. 16-18; [translation (with PCB layout added) by Helmut of “Een CW Hell-Interface” by Klaas Robers (PA0KLS)
• Ref. F15: "Feld-Hell mit dem Olivetti M-10", Hans Kreuzer (DL1AN), in "cq-DL", 1988, nr. 3, pp. 162-163
• Ref. F16: "Hellschreiben mit Commodore 64/128", in "cq-DL", 1989, p. 525
• Ref. F17: "Hellschreiber - Nostalgie oder Realität?", Helmut Liebich DL1OY, in "Funkschau", 11/1990, pp. 58-61
• Ref. F18: "Erfahrungen mit MtHell" and "MtHell - Ein Fernschreibverfahren für Soundkarten", Manfred Salzwedel (DK4ZC), in "cq-DL", 1998, nr.10, p. 811
• Ref. F19: "Digitale Kurzwellen-Betriebsarten", Fred Schulz (HB9NP), in "cq-DL", 2000, nr. 9, p. 643-645
• Ref. F20: "Hellschreiben per PC: So wird eine alte Betriebsart wieder jung!", Nils Schiffhauer (DK8OK), pp. 64-67 in "Funk: das internationale Magazin der Funktechnik" (later: "Funkamateur"), Jg. 24, H. 8, August 2000
• Ref. F21: "Hellschreibern: alt und doch neu - Wie wird man QRV mit Hell?", Martin Nähring (DF8FE), pp. 807-808 in "cq-DL", 2000, nr. 11
• Ref. F22: "Der Hellschreiber - das erste Faxgerät", in "Radio-Scanner", Ausgabe 1/2002, funkempfang.de (used with permission)
• Ref. F23: "Hell begeistert", Lothar Deckert (DF1LU), p. 243 in "cq-DL", 2002, nr. 4
• Ref. F24: "Einstieg in Hellschreiber (1 + 2)", Dieter Zimmermann (DL2RR), in "Funkamateur", nr. 1/2010, pp. 180-181, nr. 2/2010, pp. 64-65

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Gerard Wolthuis (PA3BCB).

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS IN ENGLISH (1938-2015)

• Ref. G1: "The Creed No. 10 Tape Teleprinter" [start-stop synchronization], A. E. Thompson, in "Electrical Communication" (Int’l Western Electric Co.), Vol. 16, Nr. 4, April 1938, pp. 289-297
• Ref. G2: "L.M.T. Laboratories 7-Frequency Radio-Printer", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Electrical Communication" (International Standard Electric Corp.), Volume 17, Nr. 1, July 1938, pp. 22-34.
• Ref. G2A: The same article was published in German as "Der 7-Frequenz-Funkschreiber der Les Laboratoires L.M.T.", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Elektrisches Nachrichtenwesen" (German edition of "Electrical Communication"), Volume 17, Nr. 1, December 1938, pp. 22-34
• Ref. G3: "Radio Teleprinting" [7-tone L.M.T. system], in "The Wireless World", 9 March 1939, p. 294
• Ref. G4: "Tape Facsimile Equipment RC-58-B", War Department Technical Manual TM 11-374, 23 February 1944, 145 pp. (courtesy Louis Gonzales, F5LG). This file is 109 MB! Lower-res file (66 MB) is here.
• Ref. G5: "Tape facsimile system - the 'Hellschreiber'" , pp. 766-768 in Section 20 "Applications of facsimile" in "The Radio Engineering Handbook", Keith Henney (ed.), 3^rd edition, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., 1941, 945 pp.
• Ref. G6: "The Siemens-Hell printer: a novel telegraph system", L.S. Hughes, in "Students' Quarterly Journal", Vol. 14, Issue 55, March 1944, pp. 37-39
• Ref. G7: "The "Daily Express" Hellschreiber - A Short Description of an interesting High-Speed Recorder", pp. 104-106 in "Short Wave News", Vol. 1, No. 4, April 1946.
• Ref. G8: "Reuters' Wireless Services", W. West, in "The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal", Vol. 39, July 1946, pp. 48-52
• Ref. G9: "Hellschreiber Code", and "Hell Telegraph Instruments", pp. 14, 15 and pp. 514-518 in Chapter 12 "Morse and Hellschreiber Instruments" in "Telegraphy", J.W. Freebody, 1^st ed., Sir Isaac Pitmann & Sons, 1959, 773 pp.
• Ref. G10: "The "Hell" Field Telewriter", German Army Signal School, Halle (Saale), 1946 [20 July 1942?]. Note: this is the declassified US-English translation of "Der Feldfernschreiber" (Heeresnachrichtenschule Gr. Fe, Merkblatt Fe 601), 1 January 1940, 6 pp.
• Ref. G11: "Rudolf Hell 65 years old”, in "NTZ-Communications journal" (NTZ-CJ), No. 3, 1967, p. 146
• Ref. G12: "RC-58 Facsimile Equipment" [BC-918] in "Surplus sidelights", Gordon E. White, in "CQ: Amateur's Radio Journal", Vol. 24, nr. 3, March 1968, pp. 106-110
• Ref. G13: "Hellschreiber Teleprinter System Explanation" in "Surplus sidelights", CQ: Amateur's Radio Journal, Vol. 25, Nr. 11, November 1969, pp. 88-90
• Ref. G14: "World of Amateur Radio – News and views" [news brief on amateur radio use of Hellschreiber], Pat Hawker (G3VA), in "The Wireless World", Vol. 84, Nr. 1506, February 1978, p. 294
• Ref. G15: "Chinese language becomes a bit faster", Chris Moss, in "New Scientist", Vol. 77, February 1978, pp. 418-420
• Ref. G16: "Hellschreiber - a rediscovery", Hans Evers PAØCX / DJØSA, in "Ham Radio", 12/1979.
• Ref. G16A: "Hellschreiber" series of readers' comments to the above 12/1979 Ham Radio article "Hellschreiber - a rediscovery" article, by E. Concklin, K6KA, Henry Plant, W6DKZ, and Stanley Cook, G5XB, in "Ham Radio", 3/1980 and 9/1980.
• Ref. G17: "Micro-Hell", translation into English by Andrew (SM6MOJ) of article with same name by Klaas Robers, PA0KLS, in "Electron", 7/1980.
• Ref. G18: "Hellschreiber - what it is and how it works", S. Cook GB5XB, in "Radio Communication", 4/1981.
• Ref. G19: "The Hellschreiber System", pp. 11.1-11.3 in "Teleprinter Handbook", A. G. Hobbs (G8GOJ), E. W. Yeomanson (G3IIR), Arthur C. Gee (G2UK), Radio Society of Great Britain, 2^nd ed., 1983, 350 pp., ISBN 0900612592
• Ref. G20: "German World War II communications receivers; Parts I-IV" (Hellschreiber on pp. 1-3), Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "CQ Magazine", 8/1980, 12/1980, 5/1981, 8/1981.
• Ref. G21: "Enigma", [incl. PA0AOB Hellschreiber] D.W. Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Wireless World", Vol. 89, Nr. 1569, June 1983, p. 49-54
• Ref. G22: "The Feldfernschreiber", Chapter 8, pp. 63-80 in "Radio equipment of the Third Reich 1933-1945", Charles J. Barger, Paladin Press, 1991, 106 pp. [listed for reference only; do not bother getting a copy: this article (in fact, the entire publication) consists primarily of errors and incorrect translations]   See note 1 at bottom of page
• Ref. G23: "Hellschreiber – The Siemens Lochstreifensender", Hugh Skillen, p. 118 in "The Enigma Symposium 1995", ISBN 0951519077, 160 pp.
• Ref. G24: "Hellschreiber", Mike Richards, in his column "Bits & Bytes - The Computer In Your Shack", in "Practical Wireless", June 1997, p 70-71
• Ref. G25: "Long delay echoes on tape", Technical Topics, in "RadCom - Radio Communication", January 1998, pp. 58-59
• Ref. G26: "The Hellschreiber", Richard König, in "Radio Bygones", No. 51, Feb/Mar 1998, p. 12-14
• Ref. G27: "Hellschreiber Modes - Technical Specifications", Murray Greenman, ZL1BPU, 1998
• Ref. G28: "Hellschreiber, An old mode still has performance that's hard to beat; Part I - History and description; Part II - getting on the air; Part III - Signal analysis and digital philosophy; Part IV - Frequency domain", Murray Greenman (ZL1BPU), in "Break-In Amateur Radio Magazine" (NZART), Vol. 71, October 1998, pp. 7-8, Vol. 71, November 1998, pp. 4-6, Vol. 71, December 1998, pp. 6-8, Vol. 72, Jan/Feb 1999, p. 6
• Ref. G29: "ZL1HIT Hellschreiber / PIC Beacon", Bryan Rentoul, ZL1HIT, 1999 [PIC controller]
• Ref. G30: "The "New" HF Digital Modes", Steve Meltz, N2QLQ, in "QST", 4/1999.
• Ref. G31: "Let's see you in Hellschreiber!" Murray Greenman, ZL1BPU, in "QST", 1/2000 (used with permission).
• Ref. G32: "Resurgence of the Hellschreiber?", "Technical Topics" in "RadCom - Radio Communication", May 2000 pp. 55-56
• Ref. G33: "Intro to German WW2 Radio Equipment", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Radio Bygones", Nr. 65, 6/7 2000, pp. 8-12   See note 1 at bottom of page.
• Ref. G34: "Hellschreiber - an old mode revisited" [Hellschreiber via AMSAT satellite], Clive Wallis (G3CWV) in "AMSAT-SM Info", nr. 2000/3, pp. 4-5
• Ref. G35: "A History of Hellschreiber", Murray Greenman ZL1BPU, 09/2001 (used with permission).
• Ref. G36: "The Hellschreiber Machine", Dave PICK, G3YXM, in "The World of LF.. News", 6/2002 (about Dick Rollema, PA0SE (SK), using a Hell Feldfernschreiber on 136 kHz)
• Ref. G37: "Data Burst", Robin Trebilcock (GW3ZCF), column in "Practical Wireless", July 2003, pp. 64-65. Accessed 25 April 2019. [pdf]  
• Ref. G38: "Hellschreiber history", Murray Greenman, ZL1BPU, 8/2003 (used with permission
• Ref. G39: "Hellschreiber", Chapter 19 "Data Communications", p. 19.5 in "RSGB Handbook", 8^th ed., 2005,
• Ref. G40: "Hellschreiber: Sending Data Over UHF CB Radio", Stan Swan, in "Silicon Chip", May 2005, pp. 41-45
• Ref. G41: "What the Heck is Hell?", Robert Mazur (VA3ROM), in "APRS® Thunder Bay", Vol. 1, no. 2, March 2009, pp. 7-9
• Ref. G42: "Digital Modes", Murray Greenman, ZL1BPU, in "Break-In", Nov/Dec 2010, pp. 26-28
• Ref. G43: "All things digital - Amateur Radio for the 21^st Century - 004", Robert C. Mazur (VA3ROM), in "The Canadian Amateur", July & August 2012, pp. 21-24  See note 1 at bottom of this page
• Ref. G44: "Hell: Been There, Done That, Love It! Part 1-3", Frank Dörenberg (F/N4SPP), in "K9AY Telegraph", Vol. 12, Issue 1-3, January-March 2015; ©2015 Robert F. Heytow Memorial Radio Club, posted with permission.
• Ref. G45: "The Feld-Hellschreiber. A home-built, direct printing telegraph system.", Dale Hughes (VK2DSH), in "Amateur Radio" (Wirless Institute of Australia), Vol. 68, Nr. 11, November 2000, pp. 4-10. Source: archive.org, retrieved 6 June 2022.
• The original article with color photos and higher resolution diagrams is here. Source: courtesy Dale Hughes (VK2DSH).

External links last checked: October 2015

DUTCH HISTORIC ARTICLES (1934)

• Ref. H1: "De Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", M.J. de Vries, in "Telegraaf en telefoon - Orgaan der Vereeniging van Electrotechnische Ambtenaren der Telegrafie en Telefonie", Vol. 35, nr. 11, November 1934, pp. 121-126.

ARTICLES FROM DUTCH LANGUAGE AMATEUR RADIO MAGAZINES (1976-2006)

• Ref. J1: "Hell op 80 meter", in "CQ-PA", Vol. 25, nr. 47, November 1976, p. 1047
• Ref. J2: "Hellschreiber - een herontdekking", Hans Evers (PA0CX/DJ0SA), in "Electron", nr. 6, June 1977, pp. 297-303
• Ref. J3: "Het Hell-verreschrijfsysteem", Rob ten Wolde, in "Electron", 6/1977
• Ref. J4: "Hell", in "Reflecties door PAoSE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1977, p. 349
• Ref. J5: "Hell op de twee-meter-band in alle modes", H. Dikker (PE0HGD), in "Electron", 2/1978
• Ref. J6: "Hellschrijven met autostart" [Hell-72 "GL"], in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 5, May 1979, p. 313
• Ref. J7: "Hell allerlei", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 10, October 1979, p. 664
• Ref. J8: "Apple-Hell", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 11, November 1979, pp. 736-737
• Ref. J9: "Electronische HELL-schrijver met weergave van half-tinten" [electronic Hellschreiber with half-tone display on CRT/TV], E.H. Leefsma (PA0KTV), graduation report, June 1980, 127 pp.
• Ref. J10: "Micro-Hell", [Apple software] Klaas Robers (PA0KLS), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1980, pp. 389-392 [attached: English translation provided by Andrew, SM6MOJ]
• Ref. J11: "Amerikaans Hell system" [RC-58B, BC-908B, BC-918B], in "Reflecties door PAoSE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1980, p. 382
• Ref. J12: "PAØMJS maakte zelf een mechanische hellontvanger", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 10, October 1980, pp. 557-559
• Ref. J13: "Een CW-Hell interface", Klaas Robers (PA0KLS), in "Electron", 12/1980
• Ref. J14: "Laagfrequent filter voor Hell en CW", in "Electron", 6/1981, p. 301
• Ref. J15: "Hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 11, November 1981, pp. 591-592
• Ref. J16: "Hellschrijvende zendamateurs onmoeten elkaar ten huize van PAoAOB", [group photo at annual Hell Meeting 1980], in "Electron", nr. 3, march 1981, p. 169
• Ref. J17: "Hell naar de maan en terug" [moon bounce], Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 4, April 1982, pp. 182-183
• Ref. J18: "Schrijftoestel voor ontvangst van hell- of morsesignalen", Martien Schouten (PAØMJS), in "Electron", nr. 5, May 1982, pp. 239-245
• Ref. J19: "Hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 8, August 1982, pp. 404-405
• Ref. J20: "Hell-zendertje voor zelf-nabouwen", E. Leefsma (PAØKTV), in "Electron", nr. 12, December 1982
• Ref. J21: "Hellschrijven wint terrein", Dick Rollema (PA0SE), in "Electron", nr. 2, February 1983, pp. 73-76
• Ref. J22: "Hellzender van PA3AFD", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 4, April 1983, p. 175
• Ref. J23: "Nog een hell-systeem" [optical Hell, ZETFAX], A. van Ooije (PE1AQB), in "Electron", 8/1983, p. 417
• Ref. J24: "Schrijven over hellschrijven", C. Grauwelman (PA3AFD), in "Electron", 2/1984, pp. 77-80
• Ref. J25: "Hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 11, November 1984, p. 684
• Ref. J26: "Hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1987, p. 341-342
• Ref. J27: "Hell software voor Acorn and C64/C128", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", December 1987, pp. 622
• Ref. J28: "Radiomodem voor Hell, Morse en RTTY", Koos Fockens (PA0KDF), in "Electron", 10-12/1986
• Ref. J29: "Dr. Rudolf Hell 85 jaar", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", February 1989, p. 64
• Ref. J30: "Langzame Hellschrijver voor 80 en 40 meterband (deel 1 + 2)" [homebuilt hardware-implemented Hellschreiber sender + TX and mechanical printer], F.A.O. Eenhoorn (PA0ZR), in "Electron", December 1989, pp. 630-633, January 1990, pp. 19-22
• Ref. J31: "Hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE", Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", nr. 5, May 1991, pp. 238-239
• Ref. J32: "Luisteren met Frits", Frits, column "Wondere wereld van de Radio", date unknown, probably in "Radio Amateur Magazine (RAM)" or "Break-Break"
• Ref. J33: "Laagfrequentfilter van ON4ASZ voor telegrafie en hellschrijven", in "Reflecties door PA0SE",  Dick Rollema (PA0SE, SK), in "Electron", January 1992, pp. 5-6
• Ref. J34: "Hellschrijver voor zelfbouw (deel 1-5)", [description of home-built Feld-Hell of Martinus Rooth (PA0MPR) and A. Rooth-Bemms (PA0ARB)], Bastiaan Edelman (PA3FFZ), in "CQ-PA", 2/1994, pp. 32-34, 3/1994, pp. 63-64, 4/1994, pp. 97-98. 5/1994 , pp. 121-122, 12/1994, pp. 322-325
• Ref. J35: "Een passief laagfrequentfilter voor de ontvangst van telegrafie", Roelof Bakker (PA0RDT), in "Electron", January 1997, pp. 15-20 (incl. PA0KLS CW/Hell filter)
• Ref. J36: "Mode HELL, zelfbouw (deel 1-2)", Bastiaan Edelman (PA3FFZ), in "CQ-PA", 10/1997, pp. 348-349 and 11/1997, pp. 385-387
• Ref. J37: "Het Hell-Schreiber-Systeem (Deel 6)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), Danny Van Tricht (ON4VT), pp. 42, 43 in "CQ-QSO", 1/98 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J38: "Het Hellschreiber-simulatieprogramma voor de Apple JC-computer van Klaas Robers (PA0KLS) (deel 3)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 37-39 in "CQ-QSO", 12/98 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J39: "Hellschreiber simulatieprogramma's voor de computer (deel 4)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 39, 40 in "CQ-QSO", 2/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J40: "Hellschreiber simulatieprogramma's voor de computer (deel 5)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 34-36 in "CQ-QSO", 3/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J41: "Het programma WINHELL van Henk, PA3BQS", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 34-36 in "CQ-QSO", 11/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J42: "Hellschreiber simulatieprogramma's voor de PC", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 32, 33 in "CQ-QSO" 03/2000, (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J43: "Hell" [part of digi-mode discussion], Arend Harteveld (PA1ARE), in "Electron", nr. 5, May 2000, pp. 180-181
• Ref. J44: "De Hellschreiberei van Nino-IZ8BLY en Murray-ZL1BPU", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 19 in "CQ-QSO", 11/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J45: "De Hellschreiberei van Nino-IZ8BLY en Murray-ZL1BPU (vervolg)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 23, 26, 27 in "CQ-QSO", 12/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J46: "De 'Hell Meeting 2001' te Budel in Nederland", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 27, 28 in "CQ-QSO", 12/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. J47: "Feld Hell Schreiber", Peter Zijlstra (PAØPZD), in "Surplus Radio Bulletin", nr. 24, 2001, pp. 5-11 (used with permission from the author and from the Surplus Radio Society, kindly arranged by Gerard Wolthuis, PA3BCB).
• Ref. J48: "Felldhell op de Hell80", Arie van Ooijen (PE1AQB), in "Electron", April 2006, p. 185

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Gerard Wolthuis (PA3BCB), Arie van Ooijen (PE1AQB), Koos Fockens (PA0KDF).

External links last checked: October 2015

HISTORIC ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS IN FRENCH (1933-1938)

• Ref. K1: pp. 339-340 in "Non, la télégraphie ne veut pas mourir !" ["No, telegraphy is not going to die!", in "Journal télégraphique", Vol. 65, No. 12, December 1933, p. 333-360. Source: gallica.bnf.fr, retrieved 2 May 2021.
• Ref. K2: "Voici "des machines à écrire" pour télégraphier soi-même de son domicile" [machines for teleprinting yourself at home], Paul Lucas, in "La Science et la Vie", No. 209, November 1934, pp. 406-410.
• Ref. K3: "Le radiotéléscripteur Siemens-Hell", R. Guyot, in "L'Onde électrique : Revue mensuelle de la Société des électriciens, des électrotechniciens et des radioélectriciens", Vol. 14, No. 160, 1935, pp. 203-213
• Ref. K4: "Le téléimprimeur Siemens-Hell" [French translation of “Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", SH 6592], Siemens-Halske, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 1937, 7 pp., SH 6805, 2. 9. 37 T.
• Ref. K5: "Description de système radiotélégraphique imprimeur décomposée de Laboratoire LMT", L. Devaux, F. Smets in "L'Onde électrique : Revue mensuelle de la Société des électriciens, des électrotechniciens et des radioélectriciens", Vol. 17, Nr. 197, 1938, pp. 217-246

ARTICLES FROM FRENCH LANGUAGE AMATEUR RADIO MAGAZINES (1969-2011)

• Ref. M1: "Un Convertisseur RTTY de surplus - le BC 908B" [modification of the BC908B (amplifier/filter unit of the RC-58B system with optical scan + Hellschreiber printer) for RTTY], J.P. Vauchelle (F5QE), in "Radio-REF", November 1969, pp. 729-733.
• Ref. M2: "Le Feldfernschreiber "une messagerie trop inteligente", Aimé Salles, Bernard Gelé, in "T.S.F. PANORAMA", Nr. 7, 1990, pp. 12-15
• Ref. M3: "La télégraphie Hell - Hier et aujourd’hui, le Hellfernschreiber" [incl. the source-code of Apple II software by PA0KLS], F5KR (radio-club de la Base Aérienne 721, Rochefort), in "Radio-REF", no. 5, may 1983, pp. 535-540.
• Ref. M4: "Le Hellschreiber", Bernard PAUC (F9ZB), in "Radio-REF", no. 695, December 1997, pp. 25-27.
• Ref. M5: "Le Système Hell-Schreiber (6^ième partie)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), Danny Van Tricht (ON4VT), pp. 42, 43 in "CQ-QSO", 1/1998 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M6: "Programme de simulation Hellschreiber pour le Apple JC-computer de Klaas Robers (PA0KLS) (3ième partie)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 37-39 in "CQ-QSO", 12/98 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M7: "Programmes de simulation Hellschreiber pour computer (4ième partie)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 39, 40 in "CQ-QSO", 2/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M8: "Hellschreiber simulatieprogramma's voor de computer (deel 5)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 34-36 in "CQ-QSO", 3/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M9: "Le Hellschreiber ? Pourquoi pas…", Bernard PAUC (F9ZB), in "Radio-REF", no. 713, July/August 1999, pp. 29-31.
• Ref. M10: "Le Programme WINHELL de Henk, PA3BQS", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 34-36 in "CQ-QSO", 11/99 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M11: "Programmes de simulation Hellschreiber pour PC", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), pp. 32, 33 in "CQ-QSO" 03/2000, (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M12: "Hell" [part of digi-mode discussion], Arend Harteveld (PA1ARE), in "Electron", nr. 5, May 2000, pp. 180-181
• Ref. M13: "La Hellschreiberei de Nino-IZ8BLY et Murray-ZL1BPU", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 19 in "CQ-QSO", 11/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M14: "La Hellschreiberei de Nino-IZ8BLY et Murray-ZL1BPU (suite)", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 23, 26, 27 in "CQ-QSO", 12/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M15: "'Hell Meeting 2001' à Budel en Hollande", Winfried Besançon (ON7BW), p. 27, 28 in "CQ-QSO", 12/2001 (Belgian Amateur Radio Union, UBA) [pdf]
• Ref. M16: "Le Hellschreiber et ses modes dérivés" [Hellschreiber and derived modes], Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Mégahertz Magazine", nr. 229, April 2002, pp. 40-44.
• Ref. M17: "Le Feld-Hell… mais c’est très simple !", Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Mégahertz Magazine", nr. 232, July 2002, pp. 28-32.
• Ref. M18: "Le retour du Hellschreiber", Murray Greenman (ZL1BPU), translated and adapted by Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Radio-REF", no. 751, January 2003, p. 34-38.
• Ref. M19: "Comment démarrer en Hellschreiber" [how to get started with Hellschreiber], Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Mégahertz Magazine", nr. 241, April 2003, pp. 24-30.
• Ref. M20: "Le Hellschreiber à multitonalités", Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Radio-REF", no. 757, July/August 2003, pp. 37-43.
• Ref. M21: "Notes pour les Débutants en Hellschreiber" [notes for beginners with Hellschreiber], Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Mégahertz Magazine", nr. 251, February 2004, pp. 30-36.
• Ref. M22: "Initiation aux modes digitaux", Murray Greenman (ZL1BPU), translated and adapted by Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Radio-REF", no. 767, June 2004, p. 22-27
• Ref. M23: "Le PSK-Hell et le FM-Hell", Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Mégahertz Magazine", nr. 258, September 2004, pp. 42-46.
• Ref. M24: "Les modes digitaux et autres MGM en HF", Pascal Bimas (F1ULT), in "Radio-REF", No. 782, November 2005, pp. 33-44 [digi-modes; Hell on pp. 39-40].
• Ref. M25: "Le mode Hellschreiber", Jean-Louis Siebert (F1AGW), in "Ham-Mag", Nr. 8, 17 November 2008, pp. 10-13
• Ref. M26: "Le Hellschreiber", Bernard Pauc, in "Radiofil Magazine", No. 42, Jan/Feb 2011, pp. 34-37

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Jan Smeets (EA3DPB/ON4ASZ), Juan Martin Martinez of U.R.E.

ARTICLES FROM SPANISH MAGAZINES (1945-2010)

• Ref. N1: "Revista de telecommunicación Electron"
• Ref. N1A: "El Radioteleinscriptor Siemens Hell" (part 1), Vol. 2, No. 42, 1 December 1935, pp. 4-6
• Ref. N1B: "El Radioteleinscriptor Siemens Hell" (part 2), Vol. 2, No. 43, 15 December 1935, pp. 8-10
• Ref. N2: "Teleimpresores por radio - El moderno telescritor de campaña "Siemens Hell"", José Abeihle Ramírez, in "Ejército - Revista ilustrada de las Armas y Servicios", No. 60, January 1945, pp. 51-56
• Ref. N3: "Telegrafía Hell (1.a & 2.a parte)", Manuel Santos-Greve (EA4BVZ), Jan Smeets (EA3DPB), in "Radioaficionados", Vol. 34, 1983, No. 362, pp. 317-320, No. 363, pp. 386, 387 (courtesy Juan Martin/URE)
• Ref. N4: "Telegrafía Hell", Jan Smeets (EA3DPB), in "Radioaficionados", Vol. 35, March 1984, pp. 172-173 (courtesy URE)
• Ref. N5: "Telegrafía Hell: El teletipo Siemens-Hell 80", Jan Smeets (EA3DPB/ON4ASZ), in "Radioaficionados", Vol. 35, April 1984, pp. 232-234 (courtesy URE)
• Ref. N6: "La Hellschreiber", Jon Iza (EA2SN), in "Radioaficionados", no. 10, 1998, pp. 43-46 (courtesy URE)
• Ref. N7: "Hellschreiber (J2C) con targeta de sonido", Valentin Alonso (EA4CBH), in "Radioaficionados", no. 10, 1999, pp. 56-57 (courtesy URE)
• Ref. N8: "Hellschreiber: un modo de comunicaciones interesante", Gustavo Cotella (LU2HC), 4 pp.
• Ref. N9: "El sistema telegráfico Hell", Xavier Paradell (EA3ALV), in "Revista CQ" (Spanish edition of "CQ Radio Amateur"), April 2000, pp. 19-23 (courtesy Jan Smeets, ex-ON4ASZ/EA3DPB)
• Ref. N10: "El sistema Hellschreiber, sigue vivo!", Jan Smeets, "Cartas de los lectores" (letters from readers), p. 6 in "Revista CQ" (Spanish edition of "CQ Radio Amateur"), May 2010

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS IN SWEDISH, NORWEGIAN, DANISH, FINNISH, AND ICELANDIC (1939-1999)

• Ref. P1: "En ny radioskrivare. Hur utrikesnyheterna förmedlas" [with English translation], Erik H. Lundgren, pp. 45-49 in "Nordisk Familjeboks Månadskrönika", Vol. 2, Nr. 1, January 1939
• Ref. P2: pp. 7 - 58 in "Kaukokirjoitinopas I - Kenttäkaukokirjoitin Hughes-kaukokirjoitin" [Teletypwriter Guide, Part 1 - Field Teletypewriter (Hell Feldfernschreiber), Hughes Teletypewriter], N:o 28990 / Viesti 1/3a., 6.5.43, L. Ekberg, R. Winter, Otava Publ. Co., Helsinki, 1943, 90 pp. (for Hughes pages: see "Ordering manuals" at www.radiomuseo.fi)
• Ref. P3: "Instruktion för Hellskriv-apparat", Kungl Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning, SiB/040:3045, 13 July 1945, 40 pp.
• Ref. P4: "Kenntäkaukokirjoiten ja sen käyttö" [Field teleprinter and its use], Chapter VI, pp. 200-209 in "Viestimies" [Signal Man], 7^th ed.,1968 Viestiupseeriyhdistys ry:n julkaisu [Association of Signal Officers Publication]
• Ref. P5: "Hellskrift", Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), pp. 276-279 in "QTC Amatörradio", Vol. 52, nr. 9, 1980.
• Ref. P6: "Hellskrift på amatörbanden", Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), p. 336 in in "QTC Amatörradio", Vol. 52, nr. 11, 1980.
• Ref. P7: "Fältfjärrskrivare T.typ.58, system Siemens-Hell", Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), pp. 9-15 in "SARTG-News", Nr. 36, 1980.
• Ref. P8: "Micro - HELL med Apple II", by A. Vialle (SM6KST/PA0GAY), edited by Andrew Lovell (SM6MO), in "SARTG-News", Nr. 49, 1983, pp 22-26; this is a translation of "Micro-Hell" , Klaas Robers (PA0KLS), pp. 389-392in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1980.
• Ref. P9: "Hell-trafik med Apple", Klaas Robers (PA0KLS), pp. 39-41 in "SARTG-News", Nr. 45, 1982.
• Ref. P10: "Hell", Chapter 11, pp. 122-124, in "Amatørradio Teletype", Karsten Jensen, Kenneth Christensen (eds.), E.D.R. Radioamatørernes Forlag ApS, 1983, ISBN 8785149047
• Ref. P11: "Att koppla in Hellskrivaren till din transceiver (och dator)", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), p. 42 in "SARTG-News", Nr. 54, 1985.
• Ref. P12: "Siemens Hell-skrivare 80", Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), pp. 12-22 in "SARTG-News", Nr, 56, 1985.
• Ref. P13: "Överföringshastighet och bandbredd vid Hellskrift;Inkoppling av Hellskrivare till radiosändare; Kompatibilitet mellan Hell Feldfernschreiber och Hell-80; Första Hell-80 QSO i Sverige", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "HELL-spalten" [Hell column], pp. 44-36 in "SARTG-News", Nr. 55, 1985.
• Ref. P14: "Renovering av Siemens Hell Feldfernschreiber", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "SARTG-News", Nr. 56, 1985, pp. 41-43; also appeared in "QTC Amatörradio", 11/1985, pp. 429 etc.
• Ref. P15: "Distansrekord på Hellskrift, Hell contest, Smalbandigt audiofilter", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "Hell spalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 58, 1986, p. 26
• Ref. P16: "DAFG Hell Contest 1986, Hellskrift på 70 cm med Mitsubishi FM-25", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), "Hell spalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 59, 1986, p. 48
• Ref. P17: "DAFG Hell Contest, Hellskrift på 2 meters bandet, nya regler för DAFG Hell Diploma", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "Hell spalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 60, 1986, p. 49
• Ref. P18: "Hellskrift på Commodore C-64, Distansrekord, Moon Bounce, Ny Hell Station, DAFG Contest, DARC Contest, Hell-80 Demonstration, Hellskrift på kinesiska", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "Hell spalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 65, 1987, pp. 27-28
• Ref. P19: "CW/Hell-skrift demodulator", Jan-Martin Nøding (LA8AK), in "Amatørradio", nr. 41, February 1987, Nr. 41, pp. 41-43, Nr. 42, March, pp. 66-69
• Ref. P20: "Hellskrift på Commodore C-64, Helldiplom", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), "Hellspalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 66, 1988, pp. 32-33
• Ref. P21: "Hell for ZX Spectrum 48 k", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX/TF5SJ), in "SARTG News", nr. 70, 1989, pp. 22-23
• Ref. P22: "Hellskrift med mikrodatorer - Erfahrenheter med Olivetti M-10 (NEC PC8001, Tandy TS-80 Model 100)", Hans Kreutzer (DL1AN), translated and edited by Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "SARTG-News", Nr. 71, 1990, pp. 37-41
• Ref. P23: "Hell for ZX Spectrum 48 k – Programbeskrivelse og oppkopling", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX/TF5SJ), in "SARTG News", Nr. 70, 1990, pp. 24-25
• Ref. P24: "Vi labbar med filter", Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), in "HELL-spalten2 [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 74, 1990, pp. 44-45
• Ref. P25: "PC-HELL", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX/TF5SJ), in "SARTG News", nr. 77, 1990, pp. 21-23
• Ref. P26: "Hellskrift", Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), pp. 24-29 in "SARTG-News", Nr. 77, Winter 1990/1991; also appeared in "QTC Amatörradio", nr. 9, 1980 ( = ref. P5).
• Ref. P27: "Simulering av Hellschreiber på PC", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX), 25 November 1990
• Ref. P28: "Hell med C-64", Andrew Lovell, in "Hellspalten" [Hell column] in "SARTG-News", Nr. 83, 1992, pp. 34, 35
• Ref. P29: "Hell? – hvor? – når?", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX/TF5SJ), in "SARTG News", nr. 98, Spring 1996, p. 8 (courtesy Sigfus, LA0BX)
• Ref. P30: "Der HELL-SCHREIBER - THE simulator for Feld-Hell and Hell-GL", Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX/TF5SJ), in "SARTG News", nr. 98, Spring 1996, p. 31
• Ref. P31: "Hell frá Hell; Stafrænar sendingar, Feld Hell", Sigfus Jonsson (TF5SJ/LA0BX), in "CQ TF" (Icelandic Amateur Radio Society, IRA), Vol. 17, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 2, 13, 15 [includes translation to English]
• Ref. P32: "Hell fréttir" [Hell news], Sigfus Jonsson (TF5SJ/LA0BX), in "CQ TF", Vol. 17, no. 4, September 1999, p. 19 [includes translation to English]

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Andrew Lovell (SM6MOJ), Sigfus Jonsson (LA0BX), Karl-Gustav Strid (SM6FJB), Willi Reppel (SM6OMH), Risto Pellinen (OH2BT), Michael Andersen (OZ8NM), Ewe (SM7BHM).

ARTICLES FROM POLISH AMATEUR RADIO MAGAZINES (1998-2019)

• Ref. Q1: "Nowa emisja Hell ?", Piotr Herko (SP5XSB), in "Polski Związek Krótkofalowców Magazyn", nr 2, (421), 1998, pp. 24-26.
• Ref. Q2: "Hell QSO", Piotr Herko (SP5XSB), in "Magazyn Krótkofalowców QTC", nr. 6, June 1998, p. 162.
• Ref. Q3: "Emisje: HELL, PSK31, MT63", Piotr Herko (SP5XSB), in "Polski Związek Krótkofalowców", nr. 6, 2000, pp. 26-29.
• Ref. Q4: "Dalekopis Hella", by Krzysztof Dabrowski (OE1KDA), in "Świat Radio", February 2019, pp. 41-43.

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Piotr Herko (SP5XSB).

DOCUMENTS AND ARTICLES IN CZECH (1974-2003)

• Ref. R1: "Dálnopisná technika systému HELL", Rudolf Hanuš, Nakladatelství dopravy a spojů (publ.), Prague, 1974, 117 pp. [Hell system, Feld-Hell, Hell Tempf39, Tempf72/73, Hell-fax]
• Ref. R1A: Schema [schematic / circuit diagram page in high resolution]
• Ref. R1B: Písmo [Hell-font pages (incl. Cyrillic) in higher resolution]
• Ref. R2: "Dálnopis HELL (servisní manuál)", 54 pp.; this is a translation of the original German Wehrmacht Feld-Hell manual "D 758/1" of 1940, with some additional interfacing diagrams
• Ref. R3: "Provoz "Feld-Hell"", Josef Klimosz (O2WO), pp. 51-54 in "Sborník príspĕvků mezinárodní setkáni radioamatéru " [Proceedings of International Radio Amateur Meeting], Holice/Czech Republic, August 2000
• Ref. R4: "Historie elektřiny a magnetizmu - Rudolf Hell", in "Amatérské Radio (A Radio) Konstrukční Elektronika", Nr. 4, 2003, pp. 1-2

References 1 and 2 courtesy Martin Brukanov (OK2MNM), used with permission

ARTICLES IN BRASILIAN AND PORTUGESE (2005)

• Ref. S1: "Hellschreiber - de 1929 para o novo milênio", Ademir Machado (PT9AIA/PX9D), Antenna Eletrônica Popular, Vol. 125, No. 4, ref. 1201/2005, p. 58

Thank you to those who kindly provided some of these documents to me: Ademir Machado (PT9AIA/PX9D).

DOCUMENTS IN ITALIAN (1941-1943)

• Ref. T1: "Il telescritore Siemens-Hell" ["The Siemens-Hell Teleprinter"] , pp. 320-327 in "Manuale di Telegrafia", G. Spina (ed.), 351 pp., 1941, Ministero dell'Aeronautica, Uffico centrale delle telecommunicatione e dell'assistenza del volo (courtesy Vittorio Crapella, I2VIU)
• Ref. T2: "Il telescritore Siemens-Hell campale" ["The Siemens-Hell Field Teleprinter"], pp. 328-335 in "Manuale di Telegrafia", G. Spina (ed.), xx pp., 1941, Ministero dell'Aeronautica, Uffico centrale delle telecommunicatione e dell'assistenza del volo.
• Ref. T3: "Le telescriventi Siemens-Hell e il loro impiego per scopi campali" ["The Siemens-Hell teleprinters and their use for field purposes"], Federico Catta, in "Rivista d'artiglieria e genio", Vol. 80, Nr. 10, October 1941, pp. 928-940
• Ref. T4: "Istruzione per l'uso del telescrittore Siemens-Hell per uso campale" ["Operating instructions for the Siemens-Hell teleprinters and their use for field purposes"], Siemens-Halske, May 1942, T anl. 4205/10 it. [1-page Feld-Hell instructions in Italian, from inside of carrying-case lid]
• Ref. T5: "Telescrittore Siemens-Hell" ["Siemens-Hell Teleprinter"; Feld-Hell manual], pp. 79-113 in "Vademecum del trasmettitore marconista", Scuola allieve uffciali di complemento del Genio, Pavia, April 1943.
• Ref. T6: "L'apparecchio radiotelescrivente sistema Siemens-Hell" ["The Siemens-Hell radio-teleprinter system "], in "Corso di Tecnica delle Telecomunicazioni in particolare di Radiotecnica", Instituto Svizzero di Tecnica, Nr. 19, pp. 7-10.

ARTICLES IN YUGOSLAVIAN (1959)

• Ref. U1: "Tehnika Tanjuga (II)", Svetislav Jordovič, Ilija Crnobrnja, in "Radioamater", Časopis Saveza radioamatera Jugoslavije [Journal of the Amateur Radio Association of Yogoslavia], September 1959, pp. 250-251

ARTICLES IN RUSSIAN (2013)

• Ref. V1: "Простая Feld Hell приставка к CW передатчику" [Simple Feld Hell interface to a CW transmitter], Alexander Kravets (RZ6HAP), in "CQ-QRP", Nr. 41, Winter 2013, pp. 19, 20

DOCUMENTS IN HUNGARIAN (1942-2019)

• Ref. W1: "39 M. Tábori távírógép műszaki leírása és kezelési utasítása (1942)" [Technical description and operating instructions for the field telegraph (1942)], "Híradó felszerelési utasítás, IV. Rész., Híradó-anyagismeret." ["Signals - installation instructions, part IV, New material knowledge"], Magyar Királyi Honvéd Híradó Kiképzőtábor Parancsnokság [Signal Corps School of the Royal Hungarian Army], Royal Ministry of Defense (publ.), 1942, 30 pp.
• The cover page of this document is here. Note: This is the manual for the standard Siemens-Halske Feld-Hell machine, built at Siemens/Hungary during WW2.
• Ref. W2: "39 M tábori távírógép ábrafüzete (1942)" ["39 M Field Telegraph Picture Booklet (1942)"]
• Ref. W3: "Hell távirók hosszúhullámú rádiórendszeren" ["Hell Telegrams on the longwave radio system"], RM, SzT, pp. 387-388 in "XX. Század 1926-1950" ["20^th century 1926-1950"], Chapter 6 (pp. 317-414) of "A magyar vasúti távközlés rendhagyó krónikája" ["Unusual chronicle of Hungarian railway telecommunications 1846-2000"], János Pap, 2019, 940 pp. Source: bgok.hu, retrieved 8 November 2021. A rough translation to English is here.

FELD-HELLSCHREIBER MAINTENANCE MANUALS

• Ref. X1: "Overhaul of the Hell Feldfernschreiber Motor-Generator", Frank Dörenberg, 3/2009
• Ref. X2: "Tuning of the Hell Feldfernschreiber Tone-Generator and Filter", Frank Dörenberg, Version 3, 7 May 2020.
• Ref. X3: "Schematic, Component-Layout and Connector Pin-Outs of the Hell Feldfernschreiber", Frank Dörenberg, 15-April-2009.
• Ref. X4: "Characteristics and Circuit Diagram of the Hellschreiber Model 72b/c "GL"", Frank Dörenberg, 4/2009.
• Ref. X5: "Overhaul of the Hell Feldfernschreiber Gearbox", Frank Dörenberg (N4SPP), V1.0, 8 June 2009, 80 pp. This is an incomplete early draft document! I have not yet finished writing it!

GERMAN MILITARY, RADIO, AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS & TERMS, SYMBOLOGY

• Ref. Y1: "Kurzbezeichnungen - Radio-related abbreviations of the Wehrmacht & Luftwaffe", Frank Dörenberg (N4SPP); latest update: 23 February 2023, 27 pp.
• Ref. Y2: "German Military Abbreviations", Special Series No. 12, MIS 461, US War Dept., Military Intelligence Service, 12 April 1943, 249 pp.
• Ref. Y3: "German Military Dictionary German-English English-German", Technical Manual TM-30-506, US War Dept., 20 May 1944, 453 pp. [ 27 MB]
• Ref. Y4: "German Military Symbols", US War Dept., Military Intelligence Div., Directory of Military Intelligence, 1 April 1944, 343 pp.
• Ref. Y5: "Abkürzungsverzeichnis" ["List of abbreviations"], pp. 686-689 in "Drahtnachrichtenverbindungen Richtfunkverbindungen 1939 - 1945", Teil 2 of "Der Weltkrieg", Band 2 of "Ln- Die Geschichte der Luftnachrichtentruppe", Karl Otto Hoffman, Kurt Vowinckel Verlag (publ.), 1973, 762 pp., ASIN: B002N0OROA
• Ref. Y6: "Rundfernschreibanschrifte - Abkürzungen" ["Teleprinter broadcast addresses - Abbreviations"], p. 546 in in "Drahtnachrichtenverbindungen Richtfunkverbindungen 1939 - 1945", Part 2 of "Der Weltkrieg", Band 2 of "Ln- Die Geschichte der Luftnachrichtentruppe", Karl Otto Hoffman, Kurt Vowinckel Verlag (publ.), 1973, 762 pp., ASIN: B002N0OROA
• Ref. Y7: "Kriegssprache - Glossary of World War II German Military- and Period-specific Words, Phrases, and Abbreviations for Historians, Researchers and Hobbyists", Thomas L. Houlihan (ed.), Maps at War (publ.), 2009, 256 pp.
• Ref. Y8: "Terminology and abbreviations" in "Luftwaffe Officer Career Summaries", H.L. deZeng, D.G. Stankey, April 2015, 30 pp.
• Ref. Y9: "Abkürzungen der NS-Zeit" ["Abbreviations from the Nazi era"], pp. 247-364 in "Ämter, Abkürzungen, Aktionen des NS-Staates", Heinz Boberach, Rolf Thommes, Hermann Weiß, Werner Röder, Christoph Weisz, Vol. 5 of "Texte und Materialien zur Zeitgeschichte" ["Texts and Material on Contemporary History"], De Gruyter Saur (publ.), 1997, 416 pp. Source: degruyter.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020. [pdf]

External links last checked: January 2016 unless noted otherwise.

Note 1: due to copyright reasons, this file is in a password-protected directory. Contact me if you need access for research or personal study purposes.