Hellschreibers - Other mfrs

Besides the Hell company and Siemens-Halske, there have been other manufacturers of teleprinter machines that use the Hellschreiber principle. Presented below are the ones that I am aware of. Some manufacturers may have filled the void caused by interruption during WW2 of exports from Germany to countries outside the German/Axis influence sphere, and it taking 2-3 years after WW2 for war-torn German companies to resume production.

Latest page update: October 2019 (uploaded ref. 7V about the NVA/RTF Feld-Hell, updated associated text and added fig. E14).

Previous page updates: 16 September 2019 (added ref. 7W).

By January 2019 this page had grown to 250 photos and diagrams. It had become rather large (ca. 24 MB download size), which caused long download times for some users. I decided to group the manufacturers listed above into two separate pages of roughly equal size: one for manufacturers in the UK (five of those listed above), and one for the rest of the world. This should be almost transparent to you. Please use the (unchanged!) list of manufacturers above to get to them, and update your bookmarks - if necessary.

REFERENCES

Ref. 1: Le Matériel Téléphonique (L.M.T.)
Ref. 1A: "L.M.T. Laboratories 7-Frequency Radio-printer", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Electrical Communication" (quarterly journal of International Standard Electric Co.), Vol. 17, No. 1, July 1938, pp. 22-34
Ref. 1B: "Der 7-Frequenz-Funkschreiber der Les Laboratoires L.M.T.", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Elektrisches Nachrichtenwesen" (German edition of "Electrical Communication" of International Standard Electric Corp.), Volume 17, Nr. 1, December 1938, pp. 22-34
Ref. 1C: "Radio Teleprinting" [7-tone L.M.T. system], in "The Wireless World", 9 March 1939, p. 294.
Ref. 1D: "Der 7-Frequenzen-Schreiber" [7-tone printer], pp. 166-167 in "Fernmeldetechnik", Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", Fritz Schiweck, 1^st ed., 1942, 526 pp., C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchandlung
Ref. 1E: "Der 7-Frequenzen-Schreiber", Fritz Schiweck, Section 9.5.5, p. 378 in Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", 4^th ed., C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchandlung, 1962, 894 pp.
Ref. 1F: "Description de système radiotélégraphique imprimeur décomposée de Laboratoire LMT", L. Devaux, F. Smets in "L'Onde électrique : Revue mensuelle de la Société des électriciens, des électrotechniciens et des radioélectriciens", Vol. 17, Nr. 197, 1938, pp. 217-246
Ref. 1G: Sheet 8 in "Transmitter - Receiver Sets", Section 2.2, A.L. No. 55, 49809-1(8), 21 January 1946, SubCommittee for the Investigation of German Electronic and Scientific Organisation (SIGESO Reports Vol. 4, Part-2). Source: cdvandt.org
Ref. 2: Teletype (documents 2E-2T are courtesy Jim Haynes (W6JVE), used with permission)
Ref. 2A: "Grundlagen der Springschreibertechnik" (Part 1-5) [start-stop synchronization], F. Schiweck, Telegraphen-, und Fernsprech-Technik, Jg. 25, Nr. 3, March 1936, pp. 53-57, Nr. 4, April 1936, pp. 91-97, Nr. 6, June 1936, pp. 139-144, Nr. 9, September 1936, pp. 245-250, Nr. 11, November 1936, pp. 307-313 – 31 pp. total; also: Fernmelde-Technik, 1937, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 26 pp. ; also: SH. 6623, 1939, 26 pp.
Ref. 2B: "The Teletype Story", Teletype Corp., 1957, 38 pp. [hires pdf, 21 MB] [low-res pdf, 4 MB]
Ref. 2C: "History of teletypewriter development", R.A. Nelson, K.M. Lovitt (ed.), Teletype Corp., October 1963; source: rtty.com
Ref. 2D: "A brief history of the Morkrum Company", Howard L. Krum, ca. 1925; source: rtty.com.
Ref. 2E: Specification S-5226 "Description of Teletype Model 17 Radio Printer System Using 7 Line Character Pattern" Issue 1 of 1939, Teletype Corp., 5 pp.
Ref. 2F: Specification S-5186 "Adjustment of the Radio Distributor (Model 17)", Issue 1, October 1938, Teletype Corp., 9 pp.
Ref. 2G: Specification S-5286 "Description and Adjustments of the Teletype REC17 Rectifier", Issue 1, January 1941, Teletype Corp., 2 pp.
Ref. 2H: Specification S-5287 "Instructions for Mounting an REC-17 Rectifier on an SXT-1 Table Using the 101485 Set of Parts", Issue 1, January 1941, Teletype Corp., 1 pp.
Ref. 2J: Specification S-5288 "Lubrication Supplies and Directions for Use", Issue 1, January 1941, 2 pp.
Ref. 2K: Specification S-5298 "Instructions for Adjusting, Lubricating and Preparing Model 17 Radio Printers for Operation", Issue 1, March 1941, Teletype Corp., 16 pp.
Ref. 2L: Bulletin No. 1096: "Parts, Scanning Distributor (Model 17)", Issue 1, July 1942, Teletype Corp., Teletype Corp., 24 pp.
Ref. 2M: WD-1747 "Wiring Diagram - Table for 17 Type Printer System", Issue F, March 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2N: WD-1902 "Wiring Diagram - 17 Type Rectifier Amplifier" (power supply), Issue A, April 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2O: WD-2004 "Wiring Diagram - Transmitter X-12 Type 17 Printer System", Issue A, December 1940, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2P: WD-2012 "Wiring Diagram of Facsimile Syn. Motor", Issue C, March 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2Q: WD-2014 "Actual and Schematic Wiring Diagrams of REC17", Issue A, January 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2R: WD-2036 "Wiring Diagram for 17 Type Printer Transmitting Table", March 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2S: D-2039 "Wiring Diagram of Receiving Station Cable Connections between Apparatus Units. 17 Type Printer System", March 1941, Teletype Corp.
Ref. 2T: Instruction Manual No. 6 "Teletype Model 17 Radio Printer Systems" [only lists applicable documents], March 1941, Teletype Corp., 1 p.
Ref. 2U: Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 4. Works of Art, Etc., 1938, New Series, Volume 33, No. 1; No. 4, 1938, Classes H-K; Library of Congress. Copyright Office; p. 229: "Teletype model 17 mobile radio printer" (reference only, no text or images).
Ref. 3: Correspondence of & between EMA, the Dutch P.T.T., and the Dutch news agency ANP, about commercial aspects (pricing, conditions, etc.) of EMA Hell-printers, Hell-sender, accessories, and supplies; source: Nat'l Archives of The Netherlands, catalog ref. nr. 2.9.212, inventory nr. 360, 370, 379:
Ref. 3A: 17-May-1946 - letter (in German), from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; price quotations for EMA Hellschreiber printer
Ref. 3B: 21-April-1947 - declaration from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr van de Pol) to the Dutch P.T.T. about sale to the P.T.T. of Hell-printers and Hell-senders from EMA via N.V. Handelsmaatschappij G. Halbertsma (representative of EMA in The Netherlands)
Ref. 3C: 5-December-1947 - internal document of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; list of conditions to impose when ordering Hellschreiber equipment from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland.
Ref. 3D: 18-May-1949 - letter (in Dutch) from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), requesting when & how the 2 Hell-printers destined for Aneta/Indonesia were paid to the P.T.T., when the 5 Hell-printers destined for ANP correspondents in Willemstad/Curacao and Paramaribo/Surinam, will be paid, and were the 13 remaining Hell-printers are, that were returned to the EMA factory.
Ref. 3E: 2-June-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Dir., Mr van de Pol) to the board of the Dutch P.T.T. in The Hague/The Netherlands, confirming intent to order 2 Hell-senders from Siemens (for the Dutch P.T.T. in Dutch Indonesia), cancelling order of equipment from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland, who have scandalously let the ANP down.
Ref. 3F: 2-June-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Dir., Mr van de Pol) to N.V. Handelsmaatschappij Halbertsma in Utrecht/The Netherlands (representative of EMA/Switzerland; Mr. Smidt) about unconditional return of malfunctioning Hell-printers to EMA.
Ref. 3G: 28-October-1948 - letter (in Dutch) dated , from the accounting dept. of the Dutch P.T.T. to ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; unpaid down-payment for two Hellschreiber senders and two printers.
Ref. 3H: 1949 - billing/invoice from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands to the Dutch National Radio and Telephone Service (Lands Radio- en Telefoondienst) in Willemstad/Curacao for various Hellschreiber equipment (EMA and Siemens)
Ref. 3J: 21-February-1949 - price quote from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, for spare parts and supplies.
Ref. 3K: 11-July-1949 - final billing (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, to the Dutch P.T.T., per agreement of 21-April-1947. Debit: EMA Hellschreiber senders, EMA Hellschreiber printers. Credit: used EMA Hellschreiber printers.
Ref. 3JL: 21-November-1949 - telex message from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; quoting pricing for EMA Hell-printers.
Ref. 3M: 22-December-1949 - billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. (Head office Telegraphy, Telephony, and Radio) to ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; for EMA Hellschreibers.
Ref. 3N: 5-January-1950 - final billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), for EMA Hell-printers and Hell-senders sold by ANP to the P.T.T., and Hell-printers sold by the P.T.T. to ANP.
Ref. 3O: 18-January-1950 - billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), for an EMA Hell-printer delivered to the Dutch newspaper "De Waarheid".
Ref. 3P: 21-November-1951 - price quote from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, for the EMA Hell-printer model HPr4.
Ref. 4: 1950 average income in The Netherlands
Ref. 4A: "Inkomens van natuurlijke personen 1925-1973", Table 2 in a 1979 study; title unknown, author unknown.
Ref. 4B: p. 54 in "Meer auto voor minder geld", pp. 54-58 in "Kampioen", ANWB (Dutch Automobile Association), November 1992
Ref. 5: non-commercial correspondence about EMA Hellschreibers between EMA, the Dutch PTT, the Dutch news agency ANP, and ANP-intern; source: Nat'l Archives of The Netherlands, catalog ref. nr. 2.9.212, inventory nr. 360, 370, 379:
Ref. 5A: 20-January-1948 - letter (in German), from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; notification to ANP of excessive bearing friction, and retrofit.
Ref. 5B: 7-June-1948 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; response to letter from ANP to EMA, dated 4-June-1948. EMA does not accept ANP claims beyond contractual agreement, for modifications and improvements. Two printers returned to EMA have been adjusted and now work flawlessly. EMA refuses to take the units back and refund ANP. EMA declines responsibility for delays regarding the sender equipment by a company in Rome (sub-contractor to Siemens).
Ref. 5C: 5-August-1948 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands: mentions EMA Hellschreiber printers operational at Sportinformation Zürich, Agence Cosmographique, Zürich (stock market news), and the Swiss PTT in Bern.
Ref. 5D: 8-December-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr. Lysen) to the Dutch P.T.T. in The Hague/The Netherlands, about 20 EMA Hell-printers: 18 still being upgraded at the factory in Switzerland, 2 of which ready for shipment by EMA; 2 of 20 transferred to Aneta news agency in Batavia (Dutch East Indies), 1 of which already covered by adjusted billing.
Ref. 5E: 17-December-1948 - internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; report about visit of the EMA company in Meilen/Switzerland, including test of EMA Hell-printers with signals from Reuters on longwave and shortwave; sensitivity (printer amplifier gain) on shortwave considered insufficient.
Ref. 5F: 23-December-1948 - internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; report of tests with EMA Hellschreiber printers; radio receiver gain plus printer amplifier gain insufficient for weak signals - additional amplifier stage to be built into the EMA printer; after 10-12 hours of operation, the speed has drifted so much, that the speed regulator could no longer compensate; problem with burned-out 125/145/220/250 volt transformer.
Ref. 5G: 10-January-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; EMA printer only works with strong signals, ink-roller shaft has too much friction and roller often does not turn freely; printer often needs to run 15 minutes after power-up before it prints properly. After printing a long time, impossible to adjust speed for straight printing.
Ref. 5H: 10-January-1949 - Internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherland; summary of correspondence between ANP and Hellschreiber manufacturer EMA of Meilen/Switzerland, including quality/performance problems.
Ref. 5J: 10-January-1949 - 7 pages of Hell-tape, printed with an EMA HS-125 by the Dutch news agency ANP.
Ref. 5K: 3-February-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; notification that two Hellschreiber senders have been built (despite lack of cooperation from Siemens and Radiar) and are being endurance-tested; 4 Hellschreiber printers were shipped on 26-january, six more are about to be shipped, six more to be shipped with the two senders in 10 days.
Ref. 5L: 14-February-1949 - report (in German) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about 4 EMA Hellschreiber printers received on 11-Feb-49. Two were working, one needed a tube replaced, one could not be made to print straight. These printers had an additional amplifier stage built in, and are much more sensitive. The promised thermo-relays were not built in, so the printers will probably not run smoothly in the tropics.
Ref. 5M: 24-Feb-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland (Mr. Diemer) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr. van de Pol); EMA will make a compact printer model (as presented to Mr van de Pol during his visit of EMA) available for evaluation by ANP.
Ref. 5N: print-outs made with an EMA Hellschreiber of a Reuters transmission.
Ref. 5O: 18-March-1949 - internal letter (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (from Mr. B. Veltman to Mr. van den Bogaert); 6 modified EMA Hell-printers received (serial nr. 57-59, 63-65) from EMA. Serial nr. 57, 59, 63, 64 work OK, smoothly, good printing quality; serial nr. 66 runs too slow - speed regulator disassembled, reassembled & adjusted, then ran fine; serial nr. 58 does not run at all - several resistors detached; resistors reconnected, then ran fine. Tested all machines for 1 week, 15 minutes a day - with few exceptions, all printers ran fine right away. In general, these machines are less reliable than Siemens printers, and should not be operated for extended periods. OK for intermittent operation, each time after 10 minutes running before using.
Ref. 5P: 19-April-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), reporting satisfactory test transmissions with an EMA Hell-sender at facilities of the Dutch P.T.T.
Ref. 5Q: 23-May-1949 - first page of letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands in response to a letter from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, of 11-May-1949, that reports dissatisfaction of the Dutch P.T.T. with the EMA Hellschreiber senders not being able to send figures/numbers. EMA claims it has pointed this out to the P.T.T., as Reuter news agency never transmits figures/numbers as such, only numbers written out in full (to avoid mistakes). Also, EMA can implement a lever mechanism, to interrupt the punch-tape transport, to simplify the insertion of such tape.
Ref. 5R: 31-May-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about the EMA printers in the ANP radio rooms in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. In total 21 EMA Hell-printers: 6x model HSG-2 (serial nr. 104, 111-115, all OK, 2 missing ink-roller), 6x model HS125 with additional amplifier stage (serial nr. 57-59, 63-65, all OK), 2x model HS125 without additional amplifier stage (serial nr. 60, 62; nr. 60 with bad transformer and broken fuse holder, nr. 62 OK). Of these 21, 2 (1x HS125 1x HSG2) will go to Batavia/Dutch East Indies, 4 to Dutch West Indies, 14 are in the radio rooms, 1 with printer module missing and to be returned to EMA . In total 4 Siemens Hell-printers: 3 old model printers for long wave European traffic (news agencies DPD, CTK, NTB), 1 new model for short wave traffic (TASS), 1 new model in Amsterdam and 1 in Rotterdam; no replacement ordered yet for the new printer shipped to Curacao. Still awaiting ink rollers ordered from Siemens (as is ANETA in New York). Still awaiting replacement transformer from EMA for HS125 nr. 60, various parts for HSG2 nr. 111 and HSG-2 schematic. Questions what to do with the present EMA printers, and if EMA will add an amplifier-stage to HS125 serial nr. 62.
Ref. 5S: 4-June-1949 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), to the Dutch P.T.T., that 2 of the 20 EMA Hell-printers are now at the Aneta news agency in the Dutch East Indies, 4 are at the "Lands Radio & Telefoondienst" [national radio & telephone service] in Willemstad/Curacao (Dutch West Indies), and 14 are in storage. Final billing will be done shortly, including for the 2 recently delivered EMA Hell-senders.
Ref. 5T: 16-June-1949 - letter (in Dutch and German) from Halbertsma N.V. (representative of EMA in The Netherlands) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, with request to return 2 EMA Hell-printers model HS125 (serial nr. 61 & 62), for replacement of transformer and building-in of an additional amplifier stage; the requested parts for printer type HSG2 will be shipped to ANP shortly.
Ref. 5U: 16-July-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland (Mr. Diemer) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr van de Pol); follow up to letter from 24-February-1949; EMA will provide compact Hell-printer late August/early September for evaluation.
Ref. 5V: 18-July-1949 - note (in Dutch) from Halbertsma N.V. (representative of EMA in The Netherlands) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about shipment of the final EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, and postponed visit of EMA (Mr. Freund) to ANP.
Ref. 5W: 22-November-1951 - internal note (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Chief Engineer Mr Mater to Gen. Dir. van de Pol) about Hell-service. Hell-reception on shortwave requires a good antenna, stable communications receiver, Hell-amplifier, Hell tape-printer. Tape-printer is preferred over sheet-printer, as the latter loses synchronization during signal fading, leading to lost or incorrectly printed text. Amplifier and tape-printer from Siemens, as EMA equipment is not robust enough (e.g., EMA printer hammer-blades; spare parts hard to get from EMA). For shorter distances (e.g., within Europe) and on longwave, sheet-printers can be used, and are less expensive for large texts. The Minerva company in Austria makes a receiver with built-in amplifier for Hell-printer, but was temporarily not available due to currency exchange issues.
Ref. 6: EMA brochures, manuals, and schematics
Ref. 6A: HSG2 schematic, dated 17-December-1945
Ref. 6B: 2-page operating instructions (in English) for EMA Hell-printer model HSG2
Ref. 6C: "EMA Hell-Printer Type 125", 2-page manual (in German), 1-page component list, 1-page schematic dated 12-March-1947.
Ref. 6D: EMA brochure for Hell-printer model HS125, in English, French, and German, 4 pages.
Ref. 6E: "Gebruiksaanwijzing EMA Hellschrijver", 3-page manual for the HS125 (in Dutch)
Ref. 6F: "Hell-Schreiber für direkte klarschrift drahtloser Nachrichtensendungen" [Hell-recorder for direct-printing of wireless news messages], 4-page EMA brochure (in German) for printer models HPr3 and HPr4.
Ref. 6G: "Hell System tape Printer for the direct recording of wireless messages in plain characters", 4-page EMA brochure (in English) for printer models HPr3 and HPr4. Same content as ref. 6F.
Ref. 7: Hellschreiber models built by RTF
Ref. 7A: "Funkstation kleiner Leistung FK 1 und FK1a", Gerd Balg, 3 pp. [pdf]
Ref. 7B: "Der KVP / NVA Feldfernschreiber FSS.02-00001", Bernd Rothe (SK), V2.3, 23-Jan-2013, 26 pp.; used with permission.
Ref. 7C: "Abtast-Telegrafen" [incl. Presse-Hell, Feld-Hell, 7-tone], chapter IV in "Taschenbuch für Fernmeldetechniker", H.W. Goetsch, Oldenbourg Verlag, 1940, pp. 411-427 of 787
Ref. 7D: "Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik" [wikipedia, in German]
Ref. 7E: "Methodische Anleitung zur Ausbildung am Fernschreiber und Feldfernschreiber", Dienstvorschriften Kasernierte Volkspolizei DV-KVP 14/5, Entwurf (draft), 1955, 106 pp. Available at Bundesarchiv in Freiburg/Germany, Archivsignatur DVW 1-DRUCK/616.
Ref. 7F: pp. 3, 82-85 in "Beschreibung und Bedienungsanweisung der Funkstation FK 1a", DV-44/14, Deutsche Demokratische Republik - Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung; Berlin, 1956, 142 pp.
Ref. 7G: personal account of Bruno Schwedler (frmr. ATF instructor at the Signal school in Halle-Saale), Dessau-Roßlau/Germany, 2012.
Ref. 7H: "Bedienungsanleitung für den RFT-Abtast-Fernschreiber ATF-0001", 1-page operating manual from the inside of the lid of the ATF carrying case; courtesy B. Rothe (SK)
Ref. 7J: "Der Stimmgabelgenerator", in "Funk-Technik - Zeitschrift für das gesamte Elektro- Radio- und Musikwarenfach", Nr. 5, March 1948, p. 114
Ref. 7K: schematic of the ATF-0001
Ref. 7L: blank "Fernschreiben, Fernspruch, Funkspruch" (telegram, radiogram) forms of the NVA: VD-J 13a, Fbl. 203 FS-ST, Fbl. GST 101 Na, Fbl. NVA 40 803, Fbl. VD-I 13, Fbl.
Ref. 7M: "Repairing vibrators for DC to DC convertors"; source unknown.
Ref. 7N: "Elektronischer Ersatz für elektromechanische Zerhacker" [electronic replacement for electromechanical choppers], Jochen Jirrmann, DB1NV, in "Funkamateur", FA 9/10, 2010, pp. 936-937 See note 1 at bottom of page.
Ref. 7P: "Alternative Spannungsversorgung zu Anodenbatterie oder Zerhacker" [replacing electromechanical choppers with series of DC-DC converters], Bernd Beckmann (DJ9PE), in "Funkamateur", FA 6/18, p. 537 See note 1 at bottom of page.
Ref. 7Q: "Der Zerhacker W Gl 2,4a und MZ 60001", in "Funk-Technik - Zeitschrift für das gesamte Elektro- Radio- und Musikwarenfach", Nr. 6, March 1948, pp. 146, 147, 150
Ref. 7R: "Die Wechselrichter und Umrichter, ihre Berechnung und Arbeitsweise" [Zerhacker], Walter Schilling, 27 May 1940, R. Oldenbourg Verlag., 160 pp., OCLC Nr. 6139075
Ref. 7S: "Nachrichtentechnik der Nationalen Volksarmee", Teil 1: "Funkmittel und Antennen 1956 - 1990", Günter Fietsch, Verlag für Technik und Handwerk, 1993, 432 pp.
Ref. 7T: "Gruß aus der NVA an Oppin" in "Funkamateur", Nr. 10, 1957, p. 27
Ref. 7U: article in (East-German) "Funkamateur", Nr. 9, 1961
Ref. 7V: "Felddienst der Fernschreiber - Teil II: Feldfernschreiber (Entwurf)" [File size:69 MB; a good-but-lower-resolution file is here 25 MB], Dienstvorschriften Kasernierte Volkspolizei DV-14/10a, draft, Tgb.-Nr. VII b/53/55, 1955, 80 pp. + schematic.
Source: Bundesarchiv Freiburg, archive file nr. (Signatur) BArch DVW 1-DRUCK/640, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
Ref. 7W: "Wo steht der Wechselrichtertechnik?", H.-J. Wilhelmy, pp. 3, 4 in "Funkschau", Vol. 12, Nr. 1, 1 January 1939. Retrieved 12 September 2019. [pdf]
Ref. 7X: "Fundamental principles of vibrator power supply design", P.R. Mallory & Co., Inc., 1^st ed., 1947, 135 pp. Source: tubebooks.org, accessed 8 october 2021 [pdf]
Ref. 8: Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo / Sony
Ref. 8A: "Oral-History: Nobutoshi Kihara" (interview with Sony engineer), IEEE Global History Network, People and Organizations, January 2009.
Ref. 9: Toho Denki K.K. / Matsushita
Ref. 9A: "Chinese language becomes a bit faster”, Chris Moss, in "New Scientist", Vol. 77, February 1978, pp. 418-420
Ref. 9B: "Oriental approach to transpacific transmission", Donald K. deNeuf (WA1SPM; SK), pp. 16, 18 in "Proceedings of The Radio Club of America, Inc.", Vol. 51, Nr. 1, March 1977
Ref. 9C: "Hellschreiber - Nostalgie oder Realität?", Helmut Liebich DL1OY, in "Funkschau", 11/1990
Ref. 9D: "Japan Devises New Facsimile System", p. 31 of 11 August 1968 in "Tri-City Herald" newspaper in Kennewick, Pasco, Richland, WA
Ref. 9E: "The Hellschreiber System", pp. 11.1-11.3 in "Teleprinter Handbook", A. G. Hobbs (G8GOJ), E. W. Yeomanson (G3IIR), Arthur C. Gee (G2UK), Radio Society of Great Britain, 2^nd ed., 1983, 350 pp., ISBN 0900612592
Ref. 10: RCA
Ref. 10A: "Tape-Facsimile System", pp. 766, 777 in "Facsimile", R.E. Mathes, Section 20 in "The Radio Engineering Handbook", Keith Henney (ed.), 3^rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1941, 964 pp.
Ref. 10B: "Tape facsimile: historical and descriptive note", Young, C.J., pp. 264-269 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
Ref. 10C: "Tape Facsimile Synchronizing Systems", H. Shore, J.N. Whitaker, pp. 270-283 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
Ref. 10D: "Practical applications of tape facsimile systems", J.N. Whitaker, F.C. Collings, pp. 284-293 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
Ref. 10E: "A Wax-Paper Kymograph", Ralph Gerbrands, John Volkmann, pp. 498-501 in "The American Journal of Psychology", Vol. 48, No. 3, July 1936, pp. 498-501.
Ref. 11: F.I.A.T.
Ref. 11A: "List of parts for F.I.A.T. Hell Printer", part of "Hell Printer - Operating and Maintenance Instructions", Issue 2, July 1944, Document M 9501 (Tg), Office of the Engineer-in-Chief, Post Office Engineering Dept. (Radio Branch) GPO, London; courtesy British Science Museum, Blythe House inventory item 1974-190, used with permission.
Ref. 12: British Post Office
Ref. 12A: "Reuters' Wireless Services", W. West, in "The Post Office Electrical Engineers’ Journal", Vol. 39, July 1946, pp. 48-52
Ref. 12B: Hell printers Nos. 1 and 1/T - spare parts", Issue 1, 16 January 1947, 2 pages in "Hell Printer - Operating and Maintenance Instructions", Issue 2, July 1944, Document M 9501 (Tg), Office of the Engineer-in-Chief, Post Office Engineering Dept. (Radio Branch) GPO, London, EC1 [note discrepancy between dates on both documents]
Ref. 12C: page (which refers to ref. 12D) in Chapter 7 of "Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret", Paul Gannon, Atlantic Books, 2007, 588 pp. Source: Paul Gannon Books.
Ref. 12D: "Hellschreiber Code", and "Hell Telegraph Instruments", pp. 14, 15 and pp. 514-518 in Chapter 12 "Morse and Hellschreiber Instruments" in "Telegraphy", J.W. Freebody, 1^st ed., Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1959, 773 pp.
Ref. 12E: components lists for Hell Printers No. 1 and 1-T: PO document M 9502 (Tg) and M 9508 (Tg) respectively.
Ref. 13: US Signal Corps
Ref. 13A: "Tape Facsimile Equipment RC-58-B" [109 MB; a low-res version is here (66 MB)], War Department Technical Manual TM 11-374, 23 February 1944, 145 pp. (courtesy Louis Gonzales, F5LG).
Ref. 13B: "RC-58 Facsimile Equipment" [BC-918] in "Surplus sidelights", Gordon E. White, in "CQ: Amateur's Radio Journal", Vol. 24, nr. 3, March 1968, pp. 106-110
Ref. 13C: "Un Convertisseur RTTY de surplus - le BC 908B" [modification of the BC908B (amplifier/filter unit of the RC-58B system) for RTTY], J.P. Vauchelle (F5QE), in "Radio-REF", November 1969, pp. 729-733.
Ref. 13D: "Amerikaans Hell system", in "Reflecties door PA0SE" column by Dick Rollema (PA0SE), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1980, p. 382 (courtesy Gerard Wolthuis, PA3BCB)
Ref. 13E: "Facsimile Equipment RC-58-( )", Section V in "Installation of Radio and Facsimile Equipment in Shelter HO-17 ( )", US War Department Technical Manual TM 11-2737, May 1945, 20 pp. (courtesy Gary Lynch, KJ6EFH)
Ref. 14: GRETAG
Ref. 14A: "Movies by Television - Swiss Used Film of Oil for Theater-Size Image", Joseph Israels, in "Popular Science", January 1946, p. 94
Ref. 14B: "What is Eidophor? Details on CBS's color system for theater TV viewing, as recently unveiled in New York", Radio & Television News, August 1952, p. 30
Ref. 14C: "The History of the Eidophor Large Screen Television Projector", Heinrich Johannes, Gretag AG, 1989
Ref. 14D: "Der Eidophor - Ein Grossbildprojektionssystem zwischen Kino und Fernsehen 1939–1999", Caroline Meyer, vol. 15 of " Interferenzen – Studien zur Kulturgeschichte der Technik", Chronos Verlag, 2009, 416 pp., ISBN 978-3-0340-0988-1
Ref. 14E: "Anordnung zur Aufzeichnung von Impulsen mittels eines umlaufenden Schreibrades und einer Schreibleiste" [arrangement for printing of impulses with a revolving typewheel and piston], Joseph Lorbach (Hell company), Reichspatentamt, Patentschrift Nr. 732623, 27 Feb. 1941
Ref. 14F: "Hitlers letzte Maschinen" chapter 2.17 in "Codeknacker gegen Codemacher - Die faszinierende Geschichte der Verschlüsselung", by K. Schmeh, W3L Verlag, 2^nd edition, 2007, 414 pp. [pdf]
Ref. 14G: "Die Geschichte der "Hagelin-Cryptos"", Boris Hagelin, Crypto AG, lE 720, 1979, 64 pp.; source:www.cryptomuseum.com
Ref. 14H: "The teletype ETK - Univocal combination teletype", Ingenieurbureau Dr. E. Gretener, Projekt lo9a, Akten-Nr. 188, 12 April 1945, 9 pp.
Ref. 14J: "An Improved Telegraphic Printing System", Edgar Gretener, UK Patent 639241, filed 20 December 1947
Ref. 14K: "ETK-R-Fernschreibanlage Mod. 55" [description and schematic], Funktionsbeschreibung Nr. 501-2 & 502-2, Dr. Edgar Gretener A.G., 44 pp.; source: www.armyradio.ch
Ref. 14L: "Illuminated announcement and display signal", Frank W. Wood, United Sates Patent Office, patent nr. 974943, filing date 17 June 1908
Ref. 14M: "Der Krypto-Funk-Fernschreiber KFF - Kurzbeschreibung und Bedienungsanleitung" [KFF-58], Reglemente der Schweizerischen Armee, 58.134d, 1960, 36 pp.; source:www.armyradio.ch
Ref. 14N: "Die Endgeräte vom Morseschreiber bis zum Laptop", Rudolf J. Ritter, Vol. 14 of "Das Fernmeldematerial der Schweizerischen Armee", Merker Verlag, 2007
Ref. 14O: "Die ETK-Fernschreibstation", Reglemente der Schweizerischen Armee, 58.122d, 1953
Ref. 14P: "Das Telekryptogerät «TC 53» - Bedienungsanleitung; L'appareil télécrypto «TC 53» - Instruction de service", Dr. Edgar Gretener AG, 50 pp.; source: www.armyradio.ch
Ref. 14Q: "Analysis of Swiss ETK Teletypewriter", C.P. Seymour, L.B. Rosenberg, W.S. Dwinell, Wright Air Development Center (WADC) Technical Report (TR) 52-266, AF-WP-(S)-O-31 Jul 53 65, RDO No. 102-22, September 1952, 36 pp.
Ref. 14R: website of the Stiftung Historisches Armeematerial Führungsunterstützung (HAMFU) and Interessengemeinschaft Übermittling (IG Uem)
Ref. 14S: website of armyradio.ch (here in English)
Ref. 14T: pp. 2 and 3 of description of the TFFA modem
Ref. 14U: "Stromlaufplan TFA-Gerät ohne Automatik GR PS 22/3a" [schematic of the ETK47 modem], 1948
Ref. 14V: "Der Krypto-Funk-Fernschreiber KFF 58: Grundlagen, Funktionen, Betriebstechnik, Simulation", Walter Schmid (HB9AIV), self-published, 2008, 269 pp.
Ref. 15: FACIT
Ref. 15A: "FACIT 4552 Strip printer - Technical description", 4552.13.01.Eng.10M.9.71, 12 pp, 1971 (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
Ref. 15B: "Facit 4552 Alphanumeric Strip Printer" [brochure], 4552.02.03 Eng 10M.12.72, 2 pp., 1972 (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
Ref. 15C: "Facit 4553 alphanumeric serial page printer" [sheet printer], 4553.02.03 Eng 5M.7.74, 4 pp., 1974, (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
Ref. 16: Creed
Ref. 16A: "Creed and Company Limited - The First 50 Years", Alan G. Hobbs (G8GOJ, SK), Spring 1962 "Golden Jubilee" issue of "Creed News"; also reprinted in the Summer 1997 issue of "BARTG Datacom".
Ref. 16B: "Creed model TR.105/I Teletape transceiver – part list no. PL.105", 2^nd ed., March 1960, Creed & Company Ltd., 24 pp.
Ref. 16C: "Western Union Teletape Facsimile", L.G. Pollard, in "Western Union Technical Review", Vol. 2, Nr. 3, July 1948, pp. 93-98
Ref. 16D: "Recording on TELEDELTOS Electrosensitive Paper -- Type L48 and L39", J. H. Hackenberg, F. L. O#Brien, in "Western Union Technical Review", Vol. 16, No. 2, April 1962, pp. 84-92
Ref. 16E: "Teletape Transceiver Model TR. 105/1", Instruction Book FAX.105, Issue 2 of Booklet MB. 105, Creed & Company Ltd. (I.T.T.), January 1960, 71 pp.; includes full schematics.
Ref. 16F: "Faksimile-System – Faksimile-Streifenschreiber TR 105 – Montage- und Wartungsanweisung, Einstellvorschriften", Standard Elektrik, 10 pp.
Ref. 17: Thomson
Ref. 17A: "Le Hellschreiber", Bernard Pauc, in "Radiofil Magazine", No. 42, Jan/Feb 2011, pp. 34-37.
Ref. 18: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1210; File 464/26B(iii) "London Press Service: installation of Hellschreiber equipment (1947-1949)" Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 18A-18E.
Ref. 18A: Letter from S.G. Pennells to Miss M.R. Bruce (Treasury Chambers, London), dated 12^th June 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 18B: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information, London) to Mr. K. Jowers (British Information Services, Karachi, Pakistan), dated 29^th July 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 18C: Letter from Lt. Col. R.N. Bobb (British Information Service, New Delhi, India) to Mr. Ralph Hall (Commonwealth Relations Office, London), dated 2^nd August 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 18D: Report to Mr. Lovell, Chairman of the Technical Working Committee of an interview with Mr. Cole, Manager of the Marconi Communications Division, dated Friday 10^th November 1948, 3 pages.
Ref. 18E: Extract of report on the performance of Marconi equipment in India and Pakistan, in letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin to F.H. Raynes (Engineer in the Chiefs Office of the General Post Office (G.P.O.) Telegraph Branch), dated 30^th November 1948, 2 pages.
Ref. 19: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1213 File 464/26B(vi) "Hellschreiber tests (1948)". Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 19A-19M.
Ref. 19A: Letter from R.E. Hughes (General Post Office, Overseas Telecommunications Dept., London) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London), dated 20^th December 1947, 2 pages.
Ref. 19B: First page of letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (C.R.O. Information Dept., London), dated 2^nd February 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 19C: List of London Press Service long & shortwave frequencies, 3 pages.
Ref. 19D: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 8^th March 1948, 3 pp.
Ref. 19E: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 6^th April 1948, 2 pages.
Ref. 19F: Letter from Kenneth Jowers (Director, British Information Services (BIS), Karachi, Pakistan) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information (C.O.I.), London), dated 17^th April 1948, 3 pages.
Ref. 19G: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. R.W. Bishop (Palace Electrical Co. Ltd., London), dated 22^nd April 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 19H: Letter from Mr. Jowers (BIS, Karachi/Pakistan India) to Messrs. M. McLoughlin (COI, London) and Crawley (CRO, London), dated 21^st July 1948, 2 pages.
Ref. 19J: Letter from Mr. D.D. Condon (Editor in Chief, BIS, New Delhi, India) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO, London), dated 23^rd July 1948, 5 pages.
Ref. 19K: Letter from Mr. Kenneth Jowers (Director at BIS, Karachi/Pakistan) to Mr. Howe, dated 31^st July 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 19L: Letter from Mr. Kenneth Jowers (Director at BIS, Karachi/Pakistan) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 8^th September 1948, 2 pages.
Ref. 19M: Letter from K. Jowers (BIS, London) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (COI, London), dated 10^th September 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 20: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1214 File 464/26B(vii) "Hellschreiber Working Committee minutes (1948)". Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 20A-20C.
Ref. 20A: Minutes of 3^rd meeting of the C.O.I. Hellschreiber Working Committee, 11^th February 1948, 5 pages.
Ref. 20B: Minutes of 4^th meeting of the COI Hellschreiber Working Committee, 13^th April 1948, 7 pages.
Ref. 20C: Part of the Minutes of 5^th meeting of the C.O.I. Hellschreiber Working Committee, 30^th June 1948, 4 pages.
Ref. 21: sources of Pound Sterling inflation data (general cost of goods and services changes over time): thismoney.co.uk, bankofengland.co.uk, inflation.stephenmorley.org; accessed 21-March-2017.
Ref. 22: copy of an item in file HW 14/70 "Directorate of Gov’t Code & Cypher School, WW2, EWT to NY with details of German Hell system (1943)". Item is in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 22A.
Ref. 22A: Letter entitled "Hellschreiber", from Travis (Directorate of Gov’t Code & Cypher School) to Mr. Bayly (in New York), dated 18^th March 1943, 3 pages.
Ref. 23: copy of items in file INF 12/419 "Hellschreiber Working Committee, technical reception arrangements (1948/49)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 23A-23E.
Ref. 23A: Letter entitled "Experiences of Reuters with Hell Printers and Relays provided through Post Office Channels", from E. Davis (Reuters) to Mr. Perkins (Post Office, Chief of Communications), dated 27^th February 1948, 3 pages.
Ref. 23B: Extract from a personal letter from Angus Malcom (Head of Chancery, London) to Mr. Alan Dudley (British Legation, Mexico City), dated 30^th January (1948), 1 page. “We are still battling with Hellschreiber but I wish you’d take the bloody thing away.”
Ref. 23C: Letter entitled "Marconi printer", by C.P. Hayter on behalf of Contracts Manager of Marconi’s Wireless telegraph Co. Ltd., to Mr. David St.J. Jones (Director of Contracts, Foreign Office, London), dated 1^st April 1948, 2 pages.
Ref. 23D: First page of letter from Foreign Office to Mr. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information), dated 20^th July 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 23E: Letter entitled "Orders & estimated cost of Hell Equipment", from M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information), dated 20^th November 1948, 1 page.
Ref. 23F: "London Press Service: Transfer to Hellschreiber working – Statement by the central Office of Information", dated 23^rd March 1949, 4 pp.
Ref. 24: copy of items in file CO 875/40/1 "London Press Service: Hellschreiber machines; CO PR Dept., CFC (1948)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 24A-24D.
Ref. 24A: Letter from M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information, London) to O.J. Whitley (Colonial Office, Information Dept., London), dated 23^rd January 1948, 1 p.
Ref. 24B: "Supply Position on Hell Printers and Relays", date unknown [1948], 1 page.
Ref. 24C: "Notes on new model Hell Printer being supplied by Marconi W.T. Co. under Contract 51504", date unknown [1948], 1 page.
Ref. 24D: London Press Service "Notes for Information Officers on the installation, working and general maintenance of [Hellschreiber] printers for reception of the London Press Service"; date unknown [1948], 11 pp.
Ref. 25: copy of items in file CO 875/40/2 "London Press Service: Hellschreiber machines; CO PR Dept. (1949)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 24A.
Ref. 25A: Invoice from Central Office of Information to the Accountant of the Crown Agents for the Colonies, for Hellschreiber equipment for Post at Mauritius, Accra, Seychelles, Lagos; dated 1^st March 1949, 1 page.
Ref. 26: copy of items in file INF 12/139 "Hellschreiber working committee, March-December 1947". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 26A-26G.
Ref. 26A: "Notes of a meeting held in Mr. Lovell’s room, Central Office of Information, on 27^th March, 1947 to consider the relative merits of Hellschreiber and Teletype working as far as the London Press Service is concerned", by Mr. M. McLoughlin, 3 pp.
Ref. 26B: "Report on visit to Messrs Klaxon Limited by Wing Commander Jowers of the Foreign Office and Mr. McLoughlin of the Central Office of Information on 28^th March 1947", dated 3^rd April 1947, 2 pp.
Ref. 26C: Letter from Mr. Perkins (General Post Office, Telecommunications Dept., London) to L.H. Lovell (General Post Office, London), dated 5^th June 1947, 1 p.
Ref. 26D: "Notes of a meeting held in Mr. Lovell’s room, Central Office of Information, on 26^th June, 1947 to consider the supply of Hellschreiber instruments, fix a new target dated to commence working, and examine the possibility of extending the service to the Americas at an earlier date", dated 30^th June 1947, 4 pp.
Ref. 26E: "Supply of Hellschreibers", internal note from Mr. Lovell (Central Office of Information) to Mr. Routh, dated 30^th June 1947, 2 pp.
Ref. 26F: Internal note from Mr. McLoughlin (COI) to Mr. Gore, dated 15^th August 1947, 2 pp.
Ref. 26G: "Particulars of Posts in connection with the introduction of Hellschreiber [by London Press Service]", date unknown [mid-1947], 2 pages.
Ref. 27: "Wage trends and wage policies: various foreign countries", Bulletin No. 934, US Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1948, 60 pp. [pdf]
Ref. 28: ITU conference 1938; "Propositions transmises au bureau de l'union, pour être soumises à la conference" [proposals to be submitted to the ITU conference], Vol. 1 of "Documents de la Conférence internationale des radiocommunications di Caire (1938)", International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Bern; no English version available; source: ITU
Ref. 28A: pp. 218, 219: proposal nr 392 R by C.I.N.A - "Considérations générales sur la largeur de bande des émetteurs de t.s.f. modulés par signaux Siemens-Hell" [general considerations about the bandwidth of radio transmitters that are modulated with Siemens-Hell signals]; at 5 chars/sec (punch tape operation), the 12-line Hell-font with a shortest pulse of 2 msec and shortest pause of 3.12 msec has a shortest cycle of 5.12 msec, hence a max cycle rate of 195 Hz, and 97.5 Hz with manual/keyboard operation at 2.5 chars/sec. Tests by Siemens-Halske, Cable & Wireless (UK), and the German Central Postal Authority (R.P.Z) have concluded that a applying a low-pass filter with a corner frequency of 230 Hz at the transmitter is sufficient, and results in 390 Hz occupied bandwidth.
Ref. 29: "Bandbreitenfragen bei Anwendung der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik" [signal bandwidth issues with A2 and A3 modulation], Rudolf Zimmermann, 7 pp., Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, Berlin-Siemensstadt, May 1940, SH 7998, 1. 8. 40. T T1.
Ref. 30: pp. 44-45 in "Organising the Propaganda instrument: The British Experience", by John B. Black, Martinus Nijhoff Publ., 1975, 116 pp.
Ref. 31: "Research in the British Post Office", J. of the IEE, Vol. 75, issue 452, August 1934, pp. 133-151.
Ref. 32: pp. 512-516, 524 in "Activities at Knockholt", J.A. Reeds, Appendix B in "Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park - General Report on Tunny with Emphasis on Statistical Methods (1945)", 1^st ed., I.J. Good, D. Michie, G. Timms (J.A. Reeds, W. Diffie, J.V. Fields, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, IEEE Press, 2015, 735 pp.
Ref. 33: p. 85 in "COLOSSUS: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers", B. Jack Copeland et al (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2006, 480 pp.
Ref. 34: copy of items in file AIR 14/3577 "Signals investigation on 27 to 35 Mc/s "Windjammer" (1943/1944)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
Summary of the contents of ref. 173A-173E.
Ref. 34A: "'Windjammer" observation", by R.A. Fareday (Noise Investigation Bureau [Electronic Intelligence], N.I.B., London), dated 20^th June 1944, 1 page.
Ref. 34B: ""Possible "Windjammer" transmissions", report by Flight Lieutenant Douglas of 192 Sq., dated 16^th December 1943, 1 page.
Ref. 34C: "192 Squadron Flight report No. 215/43" by F/Lt Robinson to Squadron Leader Burtler, dated 15^th November 1943 (actual report by P/O G.F. Evans of 13^th November 1943), 6 pages.
Ref. 34D: "Windjammer – Arcachon", letter from Air Ministry A.I.4. [intelligence branch section supervising RAF Y Service] to Commanding Officer of 192 Squadron, dated 16^th July 1943, 1 page + 1 aerial photo.
Ref. 34E: "The windjammer and Dreh-Elektra", by 192 Squadron Leader J. Whitehead, dated 18^th June 1943, 1 page.
Ref. 35: "The Hut Six Story - Breaking the Enigma Codes", Gordon Welchman, M & M Baldwin Publ., 6^th ed., 2011, 263 pp.
Ref. 36: "Siemens – Hellschreiber / Marconi", internal memo of Telefunken Ges.f.drahtl.Telegraphie m.b.H., 21 May 1935, 1 page; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, part of file nr. I.2.060C-02427.
Summary (in English) of the contents of ref. 36.
Ref. 37: "Thermionic Relays (Trigger Type): Types W1 to W8", A. Cook, L.T. Arman, P.R. Hutton-Penman, General Post Office Engineering Department Radio Report No. 1276, Copy No. 18, 1938-1943, signed 14th January 1945, 11 pp.; BT Digital Archives, document ref. TCB 226/1276. This documents was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © Coventry University.
Ref. 38: "Printer, Telegraph Hell No. 32", 1944. This photo was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nr. TCB 417/E 12959) and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
Ref. 39: "Hell amp and trigger apparatus. 21 January 1942". These photos were obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nrs. TCB 417/E 12134, 12135, 12136) and are used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
Ref. 40: "Telegraph Tape Printer. 1943". These photos were obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nrs. TCB 417/E 12508, 12509, 12510, 12511) and are used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
Ref. 41: "Hell Sender. 7 January 1945". This photos was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nr. TCB 417/E 13260) and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
Ref. 42: "The "Daily Express" Hellschreiber - A Short Description of an interesting High-Speed Recorder", pp. 104-106 in "Short Wave News", Vol. 1, No. 4, April 1946.
Ref. 43: G.T.L. Telewriter:
Ref. 43A: "A Portable Hellschreiber Variant", personal correspondence, David H. Jones, October 2011, January 2014, and April 2018, 4 pp.
Ref. 43B: "TELEWRITER Working Instructions", YB 04159, The War Office, Whitehall, December 1945, 10 pp., printed by Fosh & Cross Ltd., London. Courtesy L. Meulstee.
Ref. 43C: "Improvement in Electro-chemical telegraphs", Robert Smith, Alexander Bain, United States Patent no. 6837, 30 October 1849, 5 pp.
Ref. 43D: "Use of electrochemical recording in medical instruments", N.K. Golobokii, pp. 70-73 in "Biomedical Engineering", Vol. 6, Issue 2, March 1972; accessed 18 November 2018. [pdf of pp. 70, 71] [original article appeared in "Medistinskaya Tekhnika", nr. 2, March-April 1972, pp. 8-13].
Ref. 43E: p. 2.3 in "Teleprinters", chapter 2 in "RSGB Teleprinter Handbook", A. Hobbs, E. Yeomanson. A. Gee, RSGB, 2^nd ed., 1973. [pdf]
Ref. 43F: pp. 478, 479 in "The Royal Corps of Signals - A History of its Antecedents and Development", R.F.H. Nalder, 1958, Royal Signals Institution (publ.), London, 672 pp.
Ref. 43G: pp. 160, 161 in "The History of British Army Signals in the Second World War: General Survey", R.F.H. Nalder, 1953, Royal Signals Institution (publ.), London, 377 pp.
Ref. 43H: "Telewriter - First Echelon Work", Draft E.M.E.R. TELS T 223/1, Signals Research and Development Establishment (S.R.D.E.), Somerford, Christchurch Hampshire/England, March 1945, xx pp. [cover sheet pdf]
E.M.E.R. = Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Regulation; TELS = EMER Group = Telecommunications, T = Section = Telephony; 22 = Equipment Designator = ???; 3 = Part Number; /1 = Mark.
Ref. 43J: "Telewriter Procurement", Peter Prest, December 2018, 5 pp.
Ref. 43K: "Letters from B. Robertson to the Science Museum in London, offering to donate his Telewriter", February/March 1968, 3 pp.
Ref. 43L: Sheet 4 (pdf p. 8) in "Method of and apparatus for electrically recording and producing sound or other vibrations", Merle Duston, US Patent 2,030,973; Filed 13 August 1931, 12 pp.
Ref. 44: CIA Hellschreiber printers:
Ref. 44A: "RS-13 Tests", 30 April 1956, 7 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000800130007-8 (sanitized / declassified / released 13 January 2014). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Ref. 44B: "ATP-3 Printer, Power-Pack, and Tape Magazine Layout", 1 pp. outline drawing, 6 June 1957, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080037-4 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Ref. 44C: "Radio Set RS-13", Peter McCollum, 2017, source: militaryradio.com; retrieved 25 March 2019.
Ref. 44D: "Commentary on the use of the AR-2 motor in the RS-13 radio set", 16 March 1956, 3 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000800130013-1 (sanitized / declassified / released 9 January 2014). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Ref. 44E: "Preliminary Evaluation of TP-3, Hellschreiber transistorized printer", 19 December 1957, 2 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080068-0 (sanitized / declassified / released 14-Feb-2012). Retrieved 10 March 2019.
Ref. 44F: "Trip Report – AS-3 Tests", 23 April 1959, 4 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000900070004-7 (sanitized / declassified / released 30-Apr-2014). Retrieved 10 March 2019.
Ref. 44G: "RS-6 Spy Radio Set", source: cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
Ref. 44H: "The Father of Modern Spy Radios - Allen S. Clarke" [pdf], Terry O'Laughlin, pp. 14-21 in "Popular Communications", June 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Ref. 44J1: "Agenda - meeting no. 51 Research, Development and Production Review Board", 4 pp., 7 December 1955, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040018-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 February 2010). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
Ref. 44J2: "Agenda Meeting No. 57 Research, Development and Production Review Board" [page 3: five ATP-3 printers completed], 13 June 1956, 6 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040009-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 27 April 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44J3: "Agenda - meeting no. 57 Research, Development and Production Review Board", 9 pp., 13 June 1956, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040009-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 February 2010). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
Ref. 44K: "June progress report governed speed D.C. motor" [TP-3 printer], date removed, 2 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070003-1 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44L1: "Monthly Report 1 September 1956 - 30 September 1956" [R&D Branch, Engineering Div., R&D Lab.; page 3: 6 volt and 12 volt ATP-3 facsimile printer], 30 September 1956, 4 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080003-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 27 April 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44L2: "Monthly Report 1 December 1958 - 31 December 1958 - Research, Development and Production Review Board", 7 pp., 31 December 1958, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000400040068-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 3 August 2000). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
Ref. 44M: "Development of a Miniature DC Motor for the TP-3 Printer", 3 pp., 30 December 1958, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070001-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2011). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
Ref. 44N1: "Trip and Progress Report, ATP-3, Investigating the Use of Sand Castings - Arlington Bronze & Aluminum Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland", 2 pp., 29 August 1956, document nr. CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080022-8 (sanitized / declassified / released 27-April-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44N2: "Trip and Progress Report, ATP-3, Investigating the Use of Investment Castings", 6 pp., 29 August 1956, document nr. CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080025-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 27-April-2001). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44N3: "Trip Report - TP-3 Motor Development with ... (sanitized)", 1 p., 30 October August 1959, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070002-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 20-September-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44P: "title sanitized" [ATP-3: cost quotations from 4 suppliers for investment/die casting parts (case, cover, frame, clapper arm, pesure role holder, ink-roll holder, cradle, bearing block, magnet clamp, access port door) for 65 units], 29 August 1956, 4 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080024-6 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 July 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44Q: "Conference Report Radio Station AS-3", 2 pp., 27 May 1957, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A004200010007-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 28-April-2014). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44R: "Shipment of ATP-3x and RR/AA-11 to ... (sanitized)", 2 pp., 26 August 1957, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03424A002400090018-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 20-September-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44S: "TP-3 Motors", 2 pp., 19 November 1957, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080074-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 14-Feb-20012). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
Ref. 44T1: "Contract RD-122, AS-3 - rest of title sanitized" [report on March 1958 supplier monitoring visit, equipment weight, design improvements, TP-3 printer for RR/D-11 receiver], 27 March 1958, 3 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080072-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44T2: "Contract RD-122, AS-3 - rest of title sanitized" [report on May 1958 supplier monitoring visit, TP-3 printer], 26 May 1958, 2 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080071-6 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Ref. 44U: "Engraving designations, printer case cover" [TP-3], 12 June 1957, 1 p., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080036-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2010). Retrieved 17 November 2020.
Ref. 44V: "RS-13", Chapter 85 in "Wireless for the Warrior", Vol. 4, Supplement, Chapter 85, V1.03, Louis Meulstee, October 2017, 2 pp. Source: wftw.nl, retrieved 17 November 2020.
Ref. 44W: "Final research and development report for governed speed 12-volt-DC motor" [TP-3 printer], 28 January 1959, 17 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070004 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.

External links last checked: January 2016 unless stated otherwise.

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