For all the radios listed below, I have documentary evidence that they were either explicitly intended for use with Siemens-Halske "Presse Hell" printers (e.g., based on marketing brochures and advertising), or were actually used in combination with such printers. Note that the Hellschreiber system does not require any particular type of radio receiver. However, the "Presse Hell" printers (models T.empf.12 and T.empf.14) do not include electronic circuitry. They require an external detector/amplifier unit to convert the Hell tone-pulses received via radio (or phone lines), to DC-power pulses to energize the solenoid (electromagnet) of the printing mechanism. Some of the radios listed below actually include such a unit, specifically for Hell-printers.

Most of the listed radios were designed and manufactured by Telefunken, not Siemens. However these two companies were very closely linked. The Telefunken history dates back to 1903, when Emperor Wilhelm II instructed the Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie, System Prof. Braun und Siemens & Halske m.b.H. (S-H) and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) to form a joint-venture, to pool their patents and R&D efforts. This company was called the Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H., System Telefunken. Ref. 1, 2. It had the telegraph address TELEFUNKEN, which became the company's trademark and later on its name. As the name clearly suggests, the main activities were initially related to spark transmitters. Based on its many patents, Telefunken was able to establish a monopolistic position in the vacuum tube industry. They developed an estimated 75% of all tubes manufactured in Germany up to 1945. In October of 1941, Telefunken became wholly owned by AEG.

The radios below are listed in chronological order, based on the year in which each model entered into service (to the best of my knowledge):

• [Telefunken E 376 SII]
• [Telefunken E 415 Rö]
• [Telefunken E 489 X]
• [Telefunken/DNB E38]
• [Lorenz Lo6L39]
• [Telefunken E 407]
• [Telefunken E 515 X]
• [Telefunken 777WK]
• [Telefunken Ae 1047]
• [Minerva 499 SH / GW]
• [Lorenz Ln 21021 "Schwabenland"]
• [Telefunken Ae 1076 / Az 1085]
• [Siemens-Hell Funk.empf.61 & .62]
• [Siemens-Hell Funk.empf.66]
• [Telefunken E11-1/48]
• [Telefunken EPH/L/2]
• [DENA E3]
• [Telefunken - unidentified models]
• [References]

©2004-2022 F. Dörenberg, unless stated otherwise. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this publication may be used without permission from the author.

Latest page updates: December 2022 (added ref. 230Q28).

Previous updates: August 2022 (added unknown Telefunken receiver, Fig. 79, and ref. 74: inserted Fig. 14A); March-May 2021 (added section for the Telefunken 777WK receiver, added ref. 55 & 56, started a section on Telefunken receiver E 489 X, added ref. 273; replaced Fig. 53); 9 Nov 2020 (expanded Minerva 499 GW section)30 May 2020 (added ref. 54, Fig. 20B); September-November 2019 (added ref. 47, 48, 22C-22E, 49-53, and associated text).

TELEFUNKEN "E 376 SII"

The oldest image that I have of a radio receiver used in combination with a "Presse-Hell" printer is that of a Telefunken E 376 SII:

Fig. 1: An "E 376" with loop antenna, a printer keying-amplifier, and an early-model Presse-Hell printer - ca. 1934

(source: Fig. 5 in ref. 3; also: Fig. 13 in ref. 4)

The "E 376" is a receiver for a single frequency ("Einkanalempfänger", "Festwellenempfänger"): at the factory, fixed-value capacitors were used to tune the receiver to a customer-specific frequency in the 60 - 200 kHz (longwave) range. Ref. 6. This is why the unit has no frequency scale or frequency tuning knob.

The receivers has five tubes: two RE 074, two RE 034, and one RE 124. All are triodes. For frequencies below 75 kHz, the RE 074 tubes were replaced with RE 084 tubes. All tubes have a 4-volt heater filament. The unit is battery-powered (anode and heater), so as to be independent of the power grid. In 1937, this radio could be had for a mere 395 Reichsmark (ref. 5) - nearly 3 months salary of an unskilled worker at that time (see the Hell-equipment prices page). The unit measures 46x20x19 cm ( ≈18x8x7.5 inch) and weighs 3.9 kg ( ≈8.6 lbs).

Fig. 2: A 1927 Telefunken "Pressefunkempfänger" model "E 376 SII"

(source: Museum für Kommunikation Berlin/Germany, retrieved October 2020)

Fig. 3: Radio room of the Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå (TT) with E 376 receivers and T.emp.12b printers

(source: ref. 7; ca. 1939)

Fig. 4: A 1935 set-up, again with an E 376 receiver and a  T.empf.12b Presse-Hell printer

(source: adapted from Fig. 9 in ref. 8; also Fig. 25 in ref. 18)

TELEFUNKEN "E 415 RÖ"

The E 415 Rö is a telegraphy receiver ("Telegrafie-Empfänger"). I.e., it was intended for "Morse" printers, Hellschreiber printers, besides general broadcast. Hence, it is not just an AM receiver, but has a BFO to make "toneless" CW-telegraphy transmissions audible. There were actually four versions of this receiver, each covering a different frequency range - primarily long wave:

• Type I: 42-79 kHz
• Type II: 77-142 kHz
• Type III: 135-254 kHz
• Type IV: 240-451 kHz

The frequency range is determined with a set of coils. The sets are easily exchangeable. A special external coil-set box was available, to cover the entire 42-451 kHz range. Note: the "Rö" part of "E 415 Rö" stands for "Röhre(n)": German for vacuum tube(s).

Fig. 5: Telefunken model "E 415 Rö"

(source: ref. 9, 1936)

Main characteristics of the "E 415 Rö" are (ref. 9):

• Audio output: transformer-coupled, 4000 ohms
• Input sensitivity: 3 μV
• Gain/volume control:
• manual, 90 volt (!) output (at 4000 ohms) for 3 μV to 50 mV at the antenna input
• Output power:  90 volt at 4000 ohms = 2 watt , sufficient to directly energize the AC-powered printer solenoid of an early model  "Presse-Hell" printer (i.e., without an additional keying-amplifier).
• Intermediate frequency (IF): variable, +/- 2 kHz
• Vacuum tubes:
• 6x CF7 pentode (in the HF, IF, BFO stages); this type of tube dates back to 1934.
• 1x CL2 power/output pentode (AF stage)
• 1x CY1 half-wave rectifier diode (power-supply)
• Power: selectable, 110/220/240 volt AC, or 220 volt DC ("Allstrom")
• Size: 37x46x30 cm (WxDxH, ≈14.6x18x22 inch)
• Weight: ca. 20 kg (≈44 lbs)
• Miscellaneous:
• Light-metal chassis (probably a magnesium alloy)
• Ceramic capacitors
• Suitable for operation in the tropics

Ref. 5 suggests that this expensive radio (1200 RM in 1937, several months salary for an average skilled worker at that time). For that lofty price, the power-supply was included, but not the vacuum tubes!

Fig. 6: an "E 415 Rö" with a Siemens-Hell  T.empf.12b printer

(source: Fig. 6 in ref. 7)

Fig. 7: "E 415 Rö" receiver with a T.empf.12b printer and tape winder

(source: ref. 45; 1939)

Fig. 8: complete Presse-Hell receiver station  - "E 415 Rö" radio, keying amplifier, tape winder, and T.empf.12b printer

(source: Fig. 1 in ref. 10; ca. 1940)

Fig. 9: "E 415 Rö" with a T.empf.12b printer at the "Reichssendeleitung" of the "Großdeutsche Rundfunk" - 1940

(photographer: C. Ullmann, published in "Hier Berlin und alle Deutschen Sender" (weekly illustrated, with radio program schedules/guide), 1940, nr. 24.)

TELEFUNKEN "E 489 X"

According to ref. 273, Telefunken produced a special version of the E 415 during 1935-1937. It included an additional tube amplifier stage to directly drive a Presse Hell printer. This was model E 489 X.

Note that in Fig. 6, 7, and 9 above, no external printer driver amplifier is visible. Possibly the receiver in those photos is an E 489 X instead of an E 415...

I have no addditional information about this model. If YOU have any info, please contact me!

TELEFUNKEN-DNB "E 38"

Telefunken designed and built a radio receiver specifically for the DNB news agency, who also marketed the radio (ref. 11, 12): the E 38 Presse-Empfänger of 1938. It was developed for receiving two kinds of radio newscasts:

• "Presse-Sprechfunk", i.e., "spoken voice"
• "Presse-Hellfunk", i.e., Hell-cast telegraphy

The "E 38" is a direct-conversion receiver (no intermediate frequency). It also has a BFO (D: "Überlagerer"), so it is suitable for receiving both un-modulated and modulated telegraphy (Hell or "Morse").

Fig. 10: Telefunken-DNB "E 38" receiver

(original unedited photo: Museum für Kommunikation in Frankfurt/Germany; used with permission)

Fig. 11: front of "E 38" with serial number 621 - cover removed

(original unedited photo: eBay)

Fig. 12: rear of "E 38" with serial number 621 - cover removed

(original unedited photo: eBay)

Main characteristics of the "E 38" are (ref. 13):

• Frequency range: the available information that I have on this receiver does not state its frequency range - presumably long-wave. The frequency scale on the front of the unit is simply graduated from 0 to 100. This suggests that several versions were available, as with the Telefunken "E 415 Rö" discussed above.
• Input sensitivity: 10 μV, resulting in 90 volt (!) at the output (at 4000 ohms)
• Gain/volume control: manual HF-gain, and manual AF-gain
• Output:  transformer coupled, with separate secondary windings for a Siemens-Hell-Schreiber and a headset
• Vacuum tubes:
• 4x CF7 pentode (in the HF, BFO, and first AF stage)
• 1x CL2 power/output pentode (final AF stage)
• 1x CY1 half-wave rectifier diode (power-supply)
• 1x EU IX "Eisen Urdox" voltage regulator / current limiter. This is a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) resistor, made of depleted uranium dioxide (ref. 14). This is actually not a radio tube, but a resistor sealed inside a glass tube. Until ca. 1934, Urdox resistors were exclusively made of uranium-dioxide and were (are) slightly radioactive, like glow-in-the-dark watch dials and hands made of radium. Starting 1944/45, magnesium-titanium-spinel was used, as it was easily manufactured from raw materials still available in Germany (unlike the "Auslandswerkstoff" uranium).
• Power: selectable, 110-220 volt AC, or 220 volt DC ("Allstrom"); optional: 110-150 volt DC
• Size: 42x25x25 cm (WxDxH, ≈16.5x10x10 inch)
• Weight: ca. 10 kg (≈22 lbs)
• Miscellaneous: sheet metal housing

Fig. 13: DNB "Schreibfunkanlage" - E38 receiver with a Hell Morse-printer

(source: ref. 11)

Figure 14A: "E 38" receiver with a T.empf.14 printer

(source: ref. 138B, 138C; 1941)

Fig. 14B: "E 38" receiver with a T.empf.14 printer at DANA - printed paper tape is transcribed with a typewriter

(source: Bundesarchiv, "Ein Jahr DANA", in "Welt im Film" of 18-Sept-1946)

LORENZ "LO 6 L 39"

Some ships of the Kriegsmarine (the German navy, 1935-45) also carried a Presse-Hell printer on board. For instance, the "Prinz Eugen" (a heavy cruiser of the Hipper Class) had one such printer in the battle communications room (Gefechtsnachrichtenzentrale, GNZ), i.e., not in one of the ship's three radio rooms! Ref. 15, 16. On this ship, it was used in combination with a Lorenz Lo 6 L 39 longwave receiver. The signal intelligence service of the Kriegsmarine also had Presse-Hell printers (as well as Feld-Hell machines), e.g., at the monitoring station near Neumünster (ref. 16).

The Kriegsmarine designator for this receiver is EO3750. In the model designator "Lo 6 L 39", Lo = Lorenz, 6 = six tuned stages, "L" = "Langwellen" = longwave, 39 = 1939 = the year of entry into service.

Fig. 15: Lorenz "Lo 6 L 39"

The receiver covers the frequency range of 75 - 1599 kHz with 8 bands. It comprises the following tubes: 6x RV 12 P 2000, 1x Te 30, 1x STV 159/20. It has a BFO, so it is suitable for modulation types A1, A2, and A3 (CW, MCW, AM). Model Lo 6 L 39 has mica capacitors, whereas the Lo 6 L 39a has ceramic capacitors. The unit measures ca. 50x32x54 cm (WxDxH, ≈20x12.6x21.3 inch) and weighs 65 kg (≈143 lbs). Ref. 17, 46.

After WW2, the German news agency DPD used several Lo 6 L 39 receivers in their Hellschreiber-room:

Fig. 16: "Lo 6 L 39" receivers with T.empf.14 "Presse Hell" printers in Hellschreiber-room of the DPD in Hamburg

(source: ref. 26 and ref. 38; 1948)

TELEFUNKEN "E 407"

The standard Telefunken receiver model E 407 Rö is a 5-tube / 5-stage AM/CW regenerative receiver ("Geradeausempfänger"). A special version of this receiver has an additional 1-tube audio amplifier stage, for driving a Hell-printer/teleprinter.

Fig. 17: Telefunken "E 407 Rö" receiver for one of the T.empf.14 printers of DNP in Hamburg

(source: courtesy Museum für Kommunikation in Frankfurt/Germany)

Fig. 18: Telefunken "E 407"

(source: ref. 42)

Main characteristics of the "E 407 Rö" are (ref. 42):

• Frequency range: 75 - 750 kHz and 1.5 - 3.0 MHz, four bands in total.
• Input sensitivity:
• Voice/tone broadcast: 20-30 μV, resulting in 1 volt at the 4000 ohms audio output
• Telegraphy/teleprinter (unmodulated/tone-less Hell, Morse): 2-5 μV, resulting in 1 volt at the 4000 ohms audio output
• Bandwidth: manually variable
• Narrow: +/- 200 Hz, for (un-modulated) telegraphy
• Wide:  +/- 2300 Hz, for voice/tone broadcast
• Controls: frequency, frequency band, feedback, audio volume, BFO tone, "normal/printer operation" toggle switch, tone filter
• Output:  transformer coupled
• Vacuum tubes:
• 2x RES 094 screen-grid tetrode (HF stages)
• 3x RE 084k triode (detector/BFO and two AF stages)
• Optional: 1x RES 964 power/output pentode (Hell-printer/teleprinter driver)
• "RES" = Röhre (vacuum tube) Empfängerröhre (radio receiver tube) Schutzgitterröhre (screen-grid tube, tetrode); the R-series tube numbering scheme (3 or 4 letters) was used for tubes developed through ca. 1933.
• Power:
• provided by an external power supply or batteries; noise suppression choke coil in series with each power line.
• vacuum tube heater: 4 volt DC (1.6 amp with printer driver, 0.5 amp without)
• vacuum tube anode: 100 volt DC, 14 mA (model without printer driver), 200 volt DC, 35 mA (model with printer driver)
• Size: 70x32.5x35 cm (WxHxD, ≈27.5x13x14 inch)
• Weight: ca. 36 kg (≈79 lbs)
• Miscellaneous:
• mA meter, for checking the operating voltage of each vacuum tube
• Sheet metal housing, light-metal die-cast chassis
• Revolver-type set of coils (one for each of the four frequency bands)
• Suitable for marine and tropical operating environments

TELEFUNKEN "E 515 X"

The E 515 X is a superhet longwave "Presse-Empfänger" (news agency receiver). According to the 1939 product brochure (ref. 19) the "E 515 X" was especially created for:

"the most modern method of sending messages fast and error-free: the Siemens-Hell-Schreiber"

This receiver includes detector and amplifier circuitry with sufficient power to directly energize the AC- or DC-powered printer solenoid all "Presse-Hell" printer models.

Fig. 19: Telefunken "E 515 X"

(source: Fig. 23 in ref. 18, ref. 19, Fig. 9 in ref. 20)

Main characteristics of the "E 515 X" are (ref. 19, 32B):

• Frequency range: 42-125 kHz (one band)
• Input sensitivity:
• Voice/tone broadcast: 10-20 μV, resulting in 5 volt at the output (at 4000 ohms)
• Telegraphy/teleprinter (Hell, Morse): 3 μV, resulting in 80 volt at the output and 20 mA DC-current (for Hell printer)
• Bandwidth: manually variable
• Narrow: +/- 200 Hz, for (un-modulated) telegraphy
• Wide:  +/- 2300 Hz, for voice/tone broadcast
• Selectivity:
• Narrow: +/- 2 kHz, for (un-modulated) telegraphy
• Wide:  +/- 5 kHz, for voice/tone broadcast
• Stability:
• +/- 40 Hz for +/- 10% supply voltage variation
• +/- 80 Hz for ambient temperature change from 20 to 30 °C
• Gain/volume control: manual HF-gain, and manual AF-gain
• Output:  transformer coupled, with separate secondary windings for a Siemens-Hell-Schreiber and a headset
• Vacuum tubes:
• 2x ACH1 triode-hexode (oscillator + mixer and IF-detector + BFO stage)
• 2x AF7 pentode (IF and first AF stage)
• 1x AL4 power/output pentode (final AF stage, Hell-printer driver)
• 1x AB2 dual-diode (automatic gain control)
• 1x AZ1 full-wave rectifier (power-supply)
• 1x STV 280/40 voltage stabilizer (280 volt)
• Power:
• Selectable, 110/125/150/220/240 volt AC, 50-100 Hz, 80 watt
• A Telefunken DC-AC inverter ("Wechselrichter") of type WR 3 could be used for operation with DC mains power(110 or 220 VDC in, 110-150 VAC out). This inverter is basically an electro-mechanical chopper ("Zerhacker" with extensive line-filtering on the input and after the output transformer. Ref. 21. The WR3 measures 36x16x9 cm (WxHxD, ≈14x6.5x3.5 inch) and weighs 4 kg (≈9 lbs). Price: 60 Reichsmark in 1939/1940.
• Size: 50x30x25 cm (WxDxH, ≈20x12x10 inch)
• Weight: ca. 15.5 kg (≈34 lbs)
• Miscellaneous:
• Sheet metal housing, many light-metal (magnesium alloy) chassis parts
• Used with headsets model "EG 420"

Ca. 1940, an other version of this radio was produced (note: no legend plate behind the knobs on the front panel):

Fig. 20A: 1940 setup with "E 515" receiver with a model T.empf.14 Siemens-Hell-Schreiber

(source: Fig. 1 in ref. 32B; also Fig. 24 in ref. 18)

Fig. 20B: "E 515" receiver with a model T.empf.14 Siemens-Hell-Schreiber and tape winder

(source: ref. 54; from 1942 advertising by Siemens/Italy)

Fig. 21B: front of  "E 515 X" serial number 5337

(source: adapted from Norsk Teknisk Museum, Creative Commons license)

Fig. 21B: front of  "E 515 X" serial number 5482

(original unedited image: eBay)

Fig. 22: looking down into an "E 515 X" - the hinged lid is flipped up, for easy access to the vacuum tubes

(original unedited image: eBay)

Note that there was also a model "E 515 Rö", cwitha different frequency range. It also had a Hell-printer output and a BFO (for CW telegraphy):

Fig. 23: Brief description of the "E 515 Rö" and "E 515 X"

(source: ref. 48)

TELEFUNKEN "777WK"

The photo below shows a Siemens-Hell printer model T.empf.14 with a T.verst.18 keying-amplifier and a Telefunken radio model 777WK:

Fig. 77: "T.empf.14" with a "T.verst.18a" amplifier and a mid-1930s Telefunken multi-band radio

(source: Fig. 2 in ref. 32B)

Main characteristics of the "777WK X" are (ref. 55):

• Frequency range: long wave, medium wave, shortwave
• Vacuum tubes:
• 1x AF3 pentode
• 1x ACH1 triode-hexode
• 1x AF7 pentode
• 1x ABC1 double diode-triode
• 1x AM2 magic eye
• 1x AL4 pendtode (power/output)
• 1x AZ1 full-wave rectifier (power-supply)
• Power:
• Selectable, 110/120/220/240 volt AC
• Size: 62.5x32.5x35 cm (WxDxH, ≈25x12x14 inch)
• Miscellaneous:
• Wooden case

TELEFUNKEN "AE 1047"

Model Ae 1047 is an "Allwellenempfänger" ( = "all wave" general coverage receiver) for A1/A2/A3 modulation (unmodulated & modulated CW, AM). It covers 150 kHz - 22.2 MHz with four bands. The receiver comprises 8 tubes (EF13, ECH11, EBF11, EL12, EF11, AZ12) and an EM11 "magic eye" tuning indicator. It has a BFO and manually variable IF-bandwidth. It does not have a built-in loudspeaker. The rear panel has outputs for a 3000 Ω monitoring loudspeaker ("Kontroll Lautsprecher"), and a "Hell Tastgerät (20 Ω)" keying device. It also has an input for a gramophone record player ("Tonabnehmer"). It has a wooden housing and operates on 110/125/150/220/240 volt AC (selectable), 50-100 Hz. The unit visually resembles the Telefunken Super-Ela 1012a/b receiver (AM only) that was used by the Kriegsmarine.

Fig. 24: "Ae. 1047" receiver (1940)

(original unedited photos: © J. Niinikoski; used with permission)

Fig. 25: rear of the "Ae 1047" receiver - without cover

Fig. 26: part of the rear cover of the "Ae 1047" receiver

MINERVA "499"

The "499" radio set was manufactured by Minerva-Radio of Vienna/Austria, but marketed and distributed by Siemens-Halske. Minerva-Radio Co. was originally named Minerva, Radiola-Radioapparate und Bestandteile W. Wohlleber & Co., and was founded in 1919 in Vienna/Austria. Already before WW II, some of their radios were built under license in Switzerland, Italy, France and Poland. It became part of Grundig in 1968.

Figure 27: Equipment label of a Minerva 499 SH

The label on the back of the radio and the Siemens-Halske product brochure (ref. 22A) clearly state that the "499 SH" was built specifically for Siemens-Hellschreiber - hence the "SH" in the designator "499 SH". Ernst Karobath joined the Minerva company in 1933 as one of their chief radio designers. He and his team designed and constructed the radio in 1941 (ref. 22D). At the time, the German police was in the process of buying Hellschreiber equipment from Siemens-Halske - including their radios. At some point, the Hellschreiber printers were demonstrated to them with the new Minerva radio. Due to better noise suppression circuitry, printing quality was better with those radios, then with Siemens radios. Siemens-Halske was forced by its government customer to procure the Minerva 499 SH radio for them (ref. 22C, 22D). As the equipment label above shows, Siemens-Halkse became the offcial supplier (not manufacturer!) of the radio.

Fig. 28: the Minerva "499 SH"

(original unedited photos: eBay article 281220815019, 2013)

Fig. 29: DENA stand at a 1946 West-Berlin trade show: a "499 SH", a T.empf.14 Hell-printer and a tape winder

(source: adapted from image in ref. 23)

The "499 SH" is fixed-station receiver. It covers longwave, medium wave and short wave bands. Hence it is referred to as a general-coverage receiver ("Allwellenempfänger", lit. "all-wave(lengths) receiver"). Its main characteristics are (ref. 22A):

• Frequency range: 72.5 kHz to 27.2 MHz, divided into eight bands
• Modulation types: A1 (un-modulated CW/Hell telegraphy), A2 (modulated CW/Hell telegraphy), and A3 (AM voice/telephony).
• Sensitivity: 10 μ (72.5 kHz - 1.5 MHz) and 5 μ (1.5 - 27.2 MHZ)
• Gain control:
• HF: manual and automatic (with three selectable time-constants)
• AF: manual
• Vacuum tubes:
• 1x EF 13 pentode (HF pre-amp)
• 2x ECH 11 triode-hexode (oscillator/mixer, BFO)
• 2x EBF 11 dual-diode-pentode (IF-amplifier/detector, first AF amplifier stage)
• 2x EL 11 power/output pentode (final AF amplifier, Hell-printer driver)
• 1x AZ12 dual-diode rectifier (power supply)
• 1x EM 11 "magic eye" tuning indicator
• 1x EW 499 SH regulator/stabilizer. Minerva specially developed this part for the "499 SH". It is used to stabilize the heater-current of the vacuum tubes in oscillator/dual-BFO circuitry. The "EW" part of the part number indicates that it is an Eisen-Wasserstoff-Widerstand (iron-hydrogen resistor). It looks like a neon light bulb with a heater filament.
• Miscellaneous: two selectable IF bandwidths.
• Power: selectable, 110/125/150/220/240 volt AC, 65 watt
• For operation on a 12 volt car battery, Siemens sold a "Kontakstromrichter" DC-AC converter of type ES. GUR 12/250/2. This unit provides all DC voltages required for the vacuum tubes (anode, heater filament, and grid-bias voltage).
• The radio has a 12-pin connector on the back for the supply voltages (AC voltage + ground, 2 pins each, or three DC voltages,  2 pins each).
• Size: 76x35x33.5 cm (WxDxH, ≈30x14x13 inch)
• Weight: 35 kg (≈77 lbs)

Fig. 30: rear of a "499 SH" radio (note: the power cord and the toggle switch are not original)

Fig. 31: printed on the cardboard back of the radio

Fig. 32: the "499 SH" above has a Hell-printer jack for a 2-prong plug

Fig. 33: this "499 SH" has a standard Siemens type "OD 10-12" teleprinter jack for connecting a Hell-printer

Fig. 34: rear of a "499 SH" radio - cover removed

The photo immediately above and below show a separate chassis-module on the far right. This module is for the detector/amplifier stage for the Hell-printer (as well as for the receiver's BFO). In the photo above, the EF11 vacuum tube is missing.

Fig. 35: rear of an other "499 SH" radio - cover removed

As shown in Fig. 34 and 35, the circuitry for the "Hell" detector/amplifier is located on a separate chassis module. The schematic of the detector/amplifier is quite straightforward (ref. 22A, 22B). The receiver has a two-stage audio amplifier, comprising a dual-diode-pentode of type EBF 11, followed by an EL 11 power/output pentode. The anode of the latter is connected to the output transformer. The transformer has two secondary windings. There is a tapped winding for a 3 ohm loudspeaker and a 2000-4000 ohm headset output. A separate winding coupling the audio to the Hell-printer circuitry. This circuitry comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge with four Siemens cuprous-oxide-on copper diodes of type G 0711/15. The output of the rectifier is filtered. When Hellschreiber tone pulses are received, equivalent DC-pulses appear at the rectifier output. These pulses are amplified with another EL 11 power/output pentode. The one side of the Hell-printer is always connected directly to the 240 volt DC anode voltage of the receiver (do not touch that connector pin)! When receiving a pulse, the EL 11 actually pulls the other side of the printer solenoid down to a low voltage. Printer current is adjusted to the standard 20 mA, and can be verified with a mA-meter on the front of the unit.

Fig. 36: module for the "Hell" detector/driver and the associated schematic

(source: ref. 22D, 22B)

Figure 36 above shows a 12-pin connector plug (far left). The shell of the plug actually has a German WW2 military designator: FL 32619-1. The mating 12-pin jack is located on the adjacent main chassis. On the back of the main chassis (see Fig. 33 and 35 above), there is a similar 12-pin male jack. All these 12-pin connectors and their inserts have the Siemens part-number "Type 77 ale 6H" or "6S".

Fig. 37: bottom of a "499 SH" radio - cover removed (the "Hell" chassis module is on the far left)

Model "499" was built in two versions: "499 SH" for the military market, and "499 GW" for the civil market. Ref. 22E. "GW" stands for "Gleichstrom/Wechselstrom" (a.k.a. "Allstrom"), i.e., AC/DC "universal power": the radio could be powered off both 110 and 220 volt AC and 100 and 220 volt DC public "household" power grids. There were even some  local 440 volt DC grids. Most German radio manufacturers made "GW" models. The last such models were built during the early 1950s, whereas the last 110 and 220 volt DC public power grids in Germany were phased out by 1960.

Both "499" versions were introduced in 1941. The "499 GW" is a simplified version of the "SH": it has no Hellschreiber printer-driver stage, no oscillator stabilization tube (type EW 499 SH), and no BFO for CW reception. On the other hand, it has two built-in loudspeakers and a "phono" record player input. The upper end of the frequency range is unchanged (27 MHz) but below 510 kHz, only the 150-395 kHz band is covered. Instead of the sleek sheet metal housing, it has a veneered wooden housing, typical of household living-room radio sets.

Fig. 38: Minerva 499 GW and 1941 advertising

(source: adapted from ref. 22E, incl. advertising from a 1941 issue of "Radio Mentor")

Note that Siemens & Halske was 50% owner of the Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H. (Telefunken for short), until its partner Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) bought them out on 24 September 1941, and Telefunken continued as a subsidiary of AEG. During the transition period, the non-Siemens & Halske part of part of TFK did not agree with, as witnessed by an internal memo from October of 1941 (ref. 43). It became known that the German DNB news agency and the Waffen-SS reported that Siemens & Halske was selling a new, “very inexpensive” receiver with a very large band coverage (9 - 6000 m; 50 kHz - 33 MHz) and a built-in Hellschreiber printer amplifier. The receiver was being built by the Minerva company in Vienna/Austria. This broadband solution was considered to be wrong, and the undersigned would not support it. The planned receiver should be OK for long-wave ( = DNB news cast) but a higher quality receiver ( = low temperature drift) would be required for shortwave. Also, for VHF (above 30 MHz), diversity reception capability was deemed indispensable for long-range.

LORENZ "LN21021 / SCHWABENLAND"

The Ln 21021 is an 8-band shortwave receiver (1.5 - 25 MHz), built for the Luftwaffe in 1941/1942 at various locations by the C. Lorenz A.G. company. The prefix "Ln" refers to "Luftnachrichten", the Air Signal Corps. It was used in fixed-base and mobile operations (vehicles). About 1000 units were built. This receiver is also known as the "Schwabenland". Ref. 24, 25. The Kriegsmarine used an identical receiver, with the designator EO 8268.  The "Schwabenland" was also marketed as a civil receiver (ref. 47).

Fig. 39: shortwave receiver Ln 21021 "Schwabenland"

(source: adapted from ref. 24)

This single-conversion receiver has two RF-stages and three IF-stages. The gain of the first RF amplifier can be controlled manually. The second RF stage has automatic gain control (AGC). Between the mixer and the first IF stage, there is a crystal filter with continuously variable bandwidth (200-5000 Hz). The IF frequency is 1.24 MHz. A crystal-controlled oscillator provides a fixed BFO signal of 1241 kHz, and also functions as crystal-based marker generator for calibration purposes. The receiver is suitable for A1 telegraphy ("Tg."), and A2/ A3 telephony ("Tf.") modulated signals, selectable with or without AGC ("Rgl.", Regelung): AM, CW, and MCW. The receiver comprises 11 tubes of type RV 12 P 2000 (universal pentode), as well as an STV150/20 dual "Glimmspannungsregler" glow-discharge voltage regulator, and a Te 30 "Glimmstabilisator" glow discharge stabilizer for overvoltage protection at the antenna input. Contrary to receivers with a (much) more advanced design, such as the famous E 52 "Köln" and the Mw.E.C, the "Schwabenland" uses the RV 12 P 2000 tubes in a "single function" manner, instead of cleverly using each single tube for two or three functions. The set measures 34.5x44x 30.4 cm (WxHxD, ≈13.5x17x12 inch), weighs about 40 kg (≈88 lbs), and is operated off selectable 110/112/150/220/240 volt AC power, 40-60 Hz, 33 VA.

After World War 2, some of these receivers were used by German news agencies such as DPD, in combination with a Presse-Hell printer. Ref. 26, 27. This receiver only has a 600 ohm phone-line output and a 4000 ohm headphone output, so a keying amplifier had to be used for the Hell-printer (visible in the photo below, on top of the radios).

Fig. 40: row of "Ln21021" receivers with T.empf.14 printers in Hellschreiber-room of the DPD in Hamburg

(source: ref. 26 and ref. 38; 1948)

TELEFUNKEN "AE 1076 / AE 1085"

The Ae 1076 is a specialized communications receiver. Like model Ae 1047, it is an "Allwellenempfänger" ( = "all-wave" general coverage receiver) with a BFO, for A1/A2/A3 modulation (unmodulated & modulated CW, AM). It covers long wave, medium wave and short wave (LW/MW/SW): the frequency range are 171.5 - 566 kHz (one band) and 706 kHz - 23.6 MHz (divided into three bands). Ref. 29. It came on the market in 1938.

Fig. 41: label of an "Ae 1076"

Fig. 42: front of the "Ae 1076"

(photo: courtesy "USSR Military, Tube and Transistor Radio", used with permission)

Fig. 43: rear of the "Ae 1076"

(photo: courtesy "USSR Military, Tube and Transistor Radio", used with permission)

Version 3 ("Ausführung 3") of the Ae 1076 includes the optional module Az 1085. This is a Hellschreiber-Zusatzgerät (Hell accessory) that converts received Hell tone-pulses into DC pulses, that are output to a Presse-Hell printer. This module comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge (four diodes) and one vacuum tube of type EF 12 (AF pentode "Stahlröhre"). The photo below shows the area of the Ae 1076 rear panel that is reserved for the Az 1085 and the associated 7-pole switch and connector. Ref. 29, 29A.

Fig. 44: part of rear panel reserved for an "Az 1085" Hellschreiber detector/amplifier module

Fig. 45: rear of the "Ae 1076" - cover removed ("Az 1085" not installed)

(photo: courtesy "USSR Military, Tube and Transistor Radio", used with permission)

Fig. 46: bottom of the "Ae 1076" - cover removed

(source: eBay)

Fig. 47: top left-hand corner of the front - a jack for monitoring the Hell signals with a headset

(source: eBay)

SIEMENS-HELL "FUNK EMPF 61 / FUNK EMPF 62"

The Funk empf 61 is a longwave telegraphy receiver from ca. 1946. It was specifically developed for use with a Siemens-Hell (SH) printer. Therefore, it has a built-in detector/amplifier that delivers 20 mA printer current. Ref. 30, 32A, 50-53.

Fig. 48: specifically developed for Siemens-Hell (SH) newscasts

(source: ref. 30)

Siemens also sold an accessory for the Funk.empf.61: the Funk.empf.62 (described further below). This unit converts the shortwave frequency bands to a fixed frequency (1.2 MHz), that can be received by the Funk.empf.61a. For pricing information about the Funk.empf.61a and 62, see the "Hell-equipment prices" page.

 Fig. 49: a "Funk.empf.61b" with a T.empf.14 Presse-Hell printer

(source: ref. 30)

Fig. 50: rear of the "Funk.empf.61b" - cover removed

(source: ref. 30)

There have been at least three models variants: a, b, c, and h. They differ as to whether the selectable frequencies are variable and/or fixed (ref. 30, 32):

• Model a: two bands (40-90 kHz, 90-200 kHz) plus one fixed frequency (1.2 MHz, to serve as IF for the matching Siemens general-coverage shortwave down-converter Funk.empf.62).
• Model b and c: three fixed Hellcast frequencies (ref. 50, 52):
• Globe-Reuter: 43.2 kHz (ref. 50), 43.1 kHz (ref. 52).
• Deutsche Nachrichtenagentur (DENA): 103 kHz.
•  Deutscher Presse Dienst (DPD): 125 kHz.
• Model h: two bands (40-90 kHz, 90-200 kHz). This is a simplified model "a": no 1.2 MHz and no knob for adjusting the BFO frequency.

I do not know the differences between model b and c, nor am I aware of the existence of models d - g.

The following 6 vacuum tubes are used in the Funk.empf.61 receiver: 2x UCH 11 (triode-hexode), 2x UB F11 (double diode pentode), 1x UCL 11 (AF-power-triode), and a UY 11 (half-wave rectifier). Interestingly, this is the same set of tubes as used in the Telefunken (!) Presse-Hell receiver EPH/L/2. The receiver has a BFO (on longwave, almost all data transmissions were done as "A1" un-modulated CW), and automatic gain control (AGC). It requires 220 volt AC or DC ("Allstrom"), 55 watt. Connections are for an antenna, ground, headphones, a Hell-printer, and a printer current meter. A complete schematic is provided in ref. 52.

Fig. 51: rear of a "Funk.empf.61a"

(note the rectangular 16-pin connector at the bottom, for connecting the cable from the "Funk.empf.62")

Fig. 52: rear of a "Funk.empf.61a" - cover removed

Fig. 53: front of a "Funk.empf.61b"

(courtesy H. Blumberg, used with permission)

Model 61b has three selectable fixed frequencies (3-position selector at the top left). Hence, there is no frequency tuning knob, nor a frequency dial.

Fig. 54: front of a "Funk.empf.61b" - cover removed

Fig. 55: rear of a "Funk.empf.61b"

Fig. 56: rear of a "Funk.empf.61b" - cover removed

Like the Funk.empf.61a, the 61b has a frequency scale:

Fig. 57: front of a "Funk.empf.61h"

(interestingly, the rear of this particular unit has a label with "61a" - possibly upgraded to "h"...)

Fig. 58: detail of the front of the above "Funk.empf.61h"

The front of this 61h unit has the following controls and interfaces:

• Top row:
• Far left: 2-position frequency band selector ("Wellenschalter")
• Far right: automatic gain control/manual RF gain ("Empfindlichkeit" = sensitivity)
• Bottom row:
• Far left: frequency tuning knob ("Abstimmung")
• Center: 2-band frequency dial
• Center toggle switch: 1000 Hz bandpass filter on/off ("Tonsieb")
• Center toggle switch: BFO on/off ("Überlagerer")
• Right toggle switch: mains on/off ("Netz")
• Far right: volume control ("Lautstärke")
• Far right: headset connector ("Mithören" = monitoring)

On the rear of the unit, there are connectors for the Presse-Hell printer output (standard round Siemens "OD" teleprinter jack), power, printer-current meter (used for adjustments of the quiescent current of the UCL 11 final amp tube, upon replacing the tube), antenna and ground.

The Kurzwellen-Vorsatzgerät T.empf.62 is a shortwave down-converter. It is placed between the antenna and the T.empf.61 longwave receiver. It covers the frequency range of 4 - 26 MHz with seven overlapping bands. Each band is converted to a particular frequency in the range covered by the T.empf.61. The latter acts as first IF for the down-converter.

Fig. 59: shortwave down-converter "Funk.empf.62"

(source: ref. 31)

Fig. 60: "Funk.empf.61" with the shortwave down-converter and a Siemens-Hell-Blattschreiber printer

(source: ref. 31)

The Funk empf 61 is not only referred to as a Langwellen-Telegrafie-Empfänger (LT), but also as a Leitungs-Empfänger (LT). That is, a receiver for "HF-Drahtfunk": wired-broadcast of radio signals. Ref. 33A-33E. This is also known as radio-by-wire, closed-circuit radio, and "wired wireless". This service was provided via the public telephone lines, the public power network, or dedicated cables ("cable-radio"). After trials around 1934-35 in Berlin (ref. 33D) and Hamburg by the Deutsche Reichspost, HF-Drahtfunk was officially introduced in Germany by the Drahtfunkverordung decree of 1939:

Fig. 61: the 1939 German wired-radio decree

(click here to get full size)

Wired broadcast actually preceded wireless broadcast. E.g, Tivadar Puskás in Budapest/Hungary operated his "Telefon Hírmondó" pay-radio service via the telephone system in 1893: 26 years before the world's first regular radio broadcasts by Hans Henricus Schotanus à Steringa Idzerda in The Netherlands (the first radio broadcast in Germany took place over a year later, in December of 1920). Both HF-modulated and base-band (broadband-AF/LF) Drahtfunk existed. The latter dates back to the mid-1920s and has very limited range (still used in hospitals, hotels, etc.). Note that in Germany (as in the UK) "Drahtfernsehen" (cable-TV) also dates back to the second half of the 1930s! The original purpose was to provide interference-free broadcast via the widely available telephone network. Another "advantage" was that the government had full control over which stations the subscriber-population could listen to, and the content of the broadcasts. During the WW2, there were nearly 180 thousand subscribers in Berlin, Hamburg, and Düsseldorf. In some regions, the system was used as part of the civil defense system ("bomber alert"), because broadcast radio transmitters were shut down during alerts, such that enemy aircraft could not use the transmitters for radio-navigation ("homing"). Also see ref. 44.

HF-Drahtfunk was primarily done on longwave frequencies (e.g., 150-430 kHz, 160-270 kHz,  or 250-300 kHz), but also in the medium-wave band (around 1.2 MHz, MW). In post-war West-Berlin, 224 kHz /NWDR), 255 kHz (RIAS), and 265 kHz (Berliner Rundfunk) were used. Both AM and FM versions existed. For HF-Drahtfunk via the telephone lines, the subscriber had a small splitter/filter unit. Both the telephone and an LW/MW radio receiver were connected to it. For HF-Drahtfunk via the public power network, the radio's antenna input was capacitively coupled to a power outlet. Some broadcast radios had a special Drahtfunk frequency (or band) marked on their dial.

SIEMENS-HALSKE "FUNK EMPF 66a"

Ca. 1948, Siemens-Halske developed the general-coverage receiver model Funk.empf.66a. This model is also referred to as Funk 745 E 302 und E 66 a. It covers 120 KHz through 27 MHz, divided into 7 bands. Ref. 34, 37. Other than the Telefunken EP/H/L2, this is the only radio on this page that has a built-in loudspeaker. Bandwidth is selectable between narrow (+/- 125 Hz, for telegraphy), medium (+/- 2800 Hz),  and "distress" (+/- 12500 kHz). With the bandwidth-switch in the latter position, the radio is automatically tuned to the (old) international marine distress frequency (500 kHz). 

According to ref. 35, there was a version of the Funk.empf.66a that had a built-in detector/amplifier for a Siemens-Hell printer. It was 14% more expensive than the regular model 66a:

Fig. 62: "Funk.empf.66a" with built-in Hell-printer amplifier, listed in a Siemens price quote

(source: ref. 35; dfl 4120 in 1951 would be 14834 euros in 2015 per the ISSG, based on the general CPI)

Fig. 63: the Siemens "Funk.empf.66a"

(source: ©2011 H. Busch)

TELEFUNKEN "E 11-1/ 48"

As the model number suggests, Presse-Hellempfänger E11-1/48 (in some literature denoted E 11/1/48) dates back to 1948, and was manufactured in 1948 and 1949. It was developed in close cooperation with news agencies (ref. 36).

The E 11-1/48 is a 4-tube / 3-stage AM regenerative receiver ("Geradeausempfänger") for a fixed frequency in the 40-150 kHz long-wave band. As it was used for the dedicated frequency of a particular news agency, this radio does not have a frequency tuning knob or scale, nor a loudspeaker. Frequency is changed by plugging in a different capacitor block. The block has one section per tube, and each section contains at least one fixed capacitor and one trimmer capacitor. As no tuning is possible, all four receiver stages are temperature-compensated to 50 ppm/ºC. It has a 500 Hz bandwidth. Half-wave rectification in the detector and the AGC circuit is done with a "Kupferoxydulgleichrichter". I.e., cuprous-oxide-on-copper diodes, such as the Sirutor diode used in the Feld-Hell machines. The anode current (20 mA max) of the final amplifier drives the solenoid of a Hell-printer. The receiver is a so-called "Allstromgerät": a unit that can be powered with 220 volt DC and 110/150/220 volt AC. The unit has a test button on the back, to send a 50 Hz pulse to the Hell printer (obviously, this only works when operating on AC voltage).

This Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) receiver comprises the following tubes: two UBF11 (dual diode-pentode), one UCL11 (triode beam power tube), and a UY11 (diode rectifier, half-wave). See ref. 56 for the circuit diagram / schematic.

Fig. 64: Telefunken Presse-Hellempfänger E11-1/48 - front & rear view (rear cover removed)

(source: Fig. 4 & 5 in ref. 36)

Fig. 64: the inside of the E11-1/48

(source: adapted from Fig. 6 ref. 36)

Note that the unit shown above has a single neon lamp on the front (lower right-hand corner). It indicate mains power on/off. The unit sshown below have a second neon lamp on the front (bottom center): it indicates energization of the printer solenoid.

Fig. 66: front of the "E11-1/48" - fixed frequency: 46.25 KHz (originally used by the DENA news agency)

(original unedited E11-1/48 color photos: courtesy H. Blumberg, used with permission)

Fig. 67: rear of the "E11-1/48", with test button ("Prüftaste") for the Hell-printer

Fig. 68: pushing the test button sends a 50 Hz signal to the Hell-printer, causing a hash-pattern to be printed

(source: Fig. 3 in ref. 36)

Fig. 69: rear of the E11-1/48, cover removed

Fig. 70: label on the rear cardboard cover of an "E11-1/48"

Fig. 71: front of another "E11-1/48" - 46.25 kHz now used by the DSV sports news & betting network

(source: eBay)

TELEFUNKEN "EPH/L/2"

EPH/L/2 stands for Empfänger Presse-Hell / Langwellen / Version 2. That is: Presse-Hell receiver, longwave, Mk. 2. It was manufactured in 1949 and 1950. It is a slightly upgraded version of the E 11-1/48. This is a 5-tube / 5-stage heterodyne receiver that covers two frequency ranges: 40-80 kHz and 80-160 kHz. Heterodyne ("Überlagerer") receivers use a local oscillator (Beat Frequency Oscillator, BFO) and a mixer, to make on-off keyed unmodulated telegraphy pulses (A1 modulation) audible - in this case at 2.6 kHz. The intermediate frequency (IF) is 35 kHz. Receiver bandwidth is 300 Hz.

The EPH/L/2 uses the same types of vacuum tubes as the T.empf.61. The receiver only has two outputs: headphone and a DC-current output for a Presse-Hell printer. The latter current (20 mA nominal) is passed through a mA meter on the front of the radio. There is neither an internal loudspeaker nor a loudspeaker output. Like the E11-1/48, it is an "Allstromgerät"  for 180-240 volt AC/DC. It measures 41x22x24 cm (≈16x9x9.5"). Ref. 36-38. The schematic is provided in ref. 37A.

The German DPD news agency is know to have used this type of receiver to monitor its own Hellcast transmissions. Pricing information regarding the EPH/L/2 is provided on the "Hellschreiber-equipment prices" page.

Fig. 72: Telefunken Presse-Hellempfänger EPH/L/2

(source: Fig. 11 in ref. 36; Presse-Hell printer T.empf.14 on the left)

Fig. 73: Telefunken Presse-Hellempfänger EPH/L/2

DENA "E 3"

Ca. 1971 (!!), the German news agency DENA developed a long-wave (LF) radio receiver, specifically for use with a Presse-Hell printer: the E 3 (ref. 40). It operates on a single frequency (46.25 kHz). This is the first - and only - such receiver that is fully solid-state (transistorized). The first production run was 80 units. Additional units were built thereafter, but the total production volume was quite limited. The radio was also used for "semi-legal" broadcast of the sports-channel of the "Deutscher Sportsverein" (DSV) sports network, and by associated betting offices (ref. 73).

Fig. 74: label on the back of two "E 3" receivers

Fig. 75: front of a DENA "E 3" receiver (with blue "DSV" tag at top right-hand corner)

Fig. 76: back of the DENA "E 3" receiver

This is a receiver for A1-modulated Hellschreiber pulses. That is, simply an un-modulated "CW" RF-carrier that is keyed on-off. As this is not a broadcast receiver, it does not have an internal loudspeaker, nor an output for a loudspeaker or headphones. Hence, the A1-pulses need not be made audible, so the receiver also does not have a BFO (beat-frequency oscillator, "Überlagerer").

The radio comprises three printed-circuit boards:

• Board 1: RF amplifier, crystal oscillator, IF-mixer
• Board 2: IF filter, IF amplifier. The IF-frequency is 14 kHz.
• Board 3: tone detector (full bridge rectifier followed by a 2-transistor Schmitt-trigger), printer keying, automatic gain control (AGC)

In total, the circuitry includes 11 transistors:

• Board 1: 4x BSY73
• Board 2: 2x BSY73 + 1x BF117 + 3x BC108B
• Board 3: 1x BD139 (power transistor)

The internal power supply (220 volt AC, 50 Hz) provides three voltages: +6, +12, and +100 volt DC. The latter voltage is for driving the Hell printer-solenoid (25 mA max). There is a mA meter on the front panel, for checking the printer current. The radio has two antenna inputs: one for coax, the other for a high-impedance antenna. The only control is a potmeter (with switch) on the front panel, for automatic vs. manual RF gain.

UNIDENTIFIED RECEIVER MODELS

The photo below shows a Siemens-Hell printer model T.empf.12b with a Telefunken radio model that I have not yet been able to identify...

Fig. 78: "T.empf.12b" with a Telefunken radio at the "Reichssendeleitung" of the "Großdeutscher Rundfunk"

(photographer: C. Ullmann, published in "Hier Berlin und alle Deutschen Sender" (weekly illustrated, with radio program schedules/guide), 1940, nr. 24.)

In 1948, Telefunken presented a new longwave receiver for Presse Hell printers, in particular for Hellcasts of the German news agency DENA:

Fig. 79: "T.empf.14" with a Telefunken longwave radio receiver - with built-in loudspeaker - for DENA Hellcasts - 1948

(source: ref. 74)

The model number is unknown.

REFERENCES

• Ref. 1: "Ein Jahrhundert Telefunken-Röhren“, pp. 46-103 in "Röhrenhistorie 2: Firmenporträts", Wolfgang Scharschmidt, Funk Verlag Bernhard Hein e.K., 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3-939197-29-4 [click here for a 4 page extract on the publisher's website]  See note 1
• Ref. 2: "Marksteine der Telefunken-Entwicklung von 1903 bis 1945", in "Telefunken-Zeitung", Vol. 23, Nr.87/88, September 1950, pp. 5-8
• Ref. 3: "Voici "des machines à écrire" pour télégraphier soi-même de son domicile" [machines for teleprinting yourself at home], Paul Lucas, in "La Science et la Vie", No. 209, November 1934, pp. 406-410.
• Ref. 4: "Die Fortentwicklung des Fernschreibverkehrs über Draht und drahtlos" [Hellschreiber, Handsender, Lochstreifensender on pp. 141-143], P. Storch, in "Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ)", Vol. 55, Nr. 5, 1 February 1934, pp. 109-112, 141-143
• Ref. 5: p.7 in "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Fernmeldetechnik, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 2. 37. 5. T., SH6592, 1937, 7 pp.
• Ref. 6: "Einkanalempfänger für den Empfang einer Welle im Bereich von 1500-500 m Type E 376 S II", 2-page Telefunken product brochure W.B. 101 (1000D), January 1939. Source: www.cdvandt.org
• Ref. 7 "En ny radioskrivare. Hur utrikesnyheterna förmedlas" [with English machine-translation], Erik H. Lundgren, pp. 45-49 in "Nordisk Familjeboks Månadskrönika", Vol. 2, Nr. 1, January 1939
• Ref. 8: p.7 in "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", Fernmeldetechnik, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 2. 37. 5. T., SH6592, 1937, 7 pp.
• Ref. 9: "Telefunken Telegrafie-Empfänger Type: E 415 Rö", 2-page Telefunken product brochure, W.B.158 D (2000), April 1936
• Ref. 10: "Die bedeutung der Siemens-Hell-Geräte für die neuzeitliche Telegrafie" [Importance of Siemens-Hell equipment for modern telegraphy], K. Maßmann, E. Jansen in "Zeitschrift für Fernmeldetechnik, Werk- und Gerätebau (Zeitschrift des Verbandes deutscher Schwachstrom-Industrieller)", Vol. 21, 1940, Nr. 3, pp. 39-44
• Ref. 11: "Die Einführung des Hell-Schreibers vom DNB aus gesehen. Rückschau auf den ersten Betriebsmonat", p. 36-38 in "Der Zeitungs-Verlag: Fachblatt für das gesamte Pressewesen", Vol. 42, Nr. 4, 25 January 1941
• Ref. 13: "Pressefunk - Schreibfunk: Einladung zur Vorführung einer Schreibfunk-Anlage", letter from the DNB branch office in Magdeburg, 1938, 2 pp.
• Ref. 12: "DNB-Presse-Empfänger für Telefonie und Telegrafie Type E 38", DNB product brochure, 4 pp.
• Ref. 14: "Urdox-Widerstände - Technische Verwendung" [technical applications], Wilfried Meyer, Archiv für Technisches Messen (ATM), Z 117-3, DK 621.316.86, October 1938, 4 pp. Source: www.cdvandt.org.
• Ref. 15: p. 216 in "Kreuzer Prinz Eugen: Unter 3 Flaggen", Paul Schmalenbach, Koehler Verlag, 1998, 226 pp.
• Ref. 16: "Ausstattung der Funkaufklärungsstelle Neumünster nach einer Liste des Oberkommandos der Kriegsmarine - SKL III in Flensburg-Mürwik im Mai 1945", p. 326 in "Blitz und Anker, Band 2: Informationstechnik, Geschichte & Hintergründe", Joachim Beck, 2005, ISBN 3833429976, 636 pp.
• Ref. 17: "German World War II communications receivers; Parts I-IV" (Hellschreiber in Part I, pp. 20-22, TLo6K39 in Part II, pp. 17-21), Dick Rollema, PA0SE, CQ Magazine, 8/1980, 12/1980, 5/1981, 8/1981
• Ref. 18: "Stand der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik", Rudolf Zimmerman, Siemens & Halske A.G. - Wernerwerk, Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, SH 7997. 0,5. 1043. TT1. M/1401, May 1940, 10 pp. (courtesy Siemens Corporate Archives, München). Also published in "Siemens & Halske - Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Nachrichtentechnik", Vol. 10, Nr. 1, 1940, pp. 63-71.
• Ref. 19: "Telefunken Presse-Empfänger E 515 X", 3-page Telefunken product brochure, November 1939. Source: www.cdvandt.org
• Ref. 20: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", F. Berck, pp. 237-240 in "Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (ETZ)", Vol. 61, Issue 10, 7 March 1940.
• Ref. 21: WR3 schematic in "Telefunken Werkstatt-Buch 1939/40", Telefunken, November 1939, 124 pp.
• Ref. 22: Minerva SH 499 receiver
• Ref. 22A: "Beschreibung des Allwellenempfängers Minerva 499 SH - Spezialempfänger für Schreibempfang insbesondere Siemens-Hell", Minerva Radio, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk T, 47 pp. [product description + schematics] (courtesy Heinz Blumberg, DC4GL)
• Ref. 22B: "Vollständiges Schaltbild Minerva 499 SH" [complete schematic on 1 page]
• Ref. 22C: "Minerva - Teil 4", in "Museums Bote des Ersten Österreichischen Funk- und Radiomuseums", Nr. 38, August 1992, 4 pp. Source: radiobote.at, retrieved 18 September 2019.
• Ref. 22D: "MINERVA 499 Allwellenempfänger und Varianten (1)" ["Minerva 499 general coverage receiver and versions"], Fritz Czapek, pp. 5-71 in "Radiobote", Vol. 12, Nr. 71, Sept/Oct 2017.  Source: radiobote.at, retrieved: 30 September 2020.
• Ref. 22E: "MINERVA 499 Allwellenempfänger und Varianten (2)", Fritz Czapek, pp. 4-9 in "Radiobote", Vol. 12, Nr. 72, Nov/Dec 2017. Source: radiobote.at, retrieved: 9 November 2020.
• Ref. 23: "Leistungsschau des Berliner USA-Sektors", 2 pp. in "Funk-Technik", Vol. 2, Nr. 16, 1947
• Ref. 24: "Kurzwellenempfänger "Schwabenland" - Beschreibung, Wirkungsweise und Bedienung", Beschreibung Nr. 75/628, Ausgabe 2, C. Lorenz AG, Berlin-Tempelhof, April 1943, 40 pp. Source: www.cdvandt.org
• Ref. 25: "Kurzwellenempfänger Ln 21021 (Schwabenland)" [pdf], Peter Treytel, October 2008, 37 pp.
• Ref. 26: pp. 18-9, 49, 68-70, 126 in "40 Jahre dpa, Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH", Hans Benirschke (ed.), Hamburg 1989, 127 pp.
• Ref. 27: cover page of "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber und der neue Telefunken-Langwellen-Hell-Empfänger", in "Hochfrequenztechnik und Funk-Praxis - Zeitschrift für Funktechnik", Vol. 1, Nr. 14, December 1948
• Ref. 28: "Kurz- und Langwellen-Empfänger Type: AE 1076", Telefunken product brochure W.B. 250 D (2000), C 0979, 3/1947, 3 pp. Source: www.cdvandt.org
• Ref. 29: "Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift für Empfänger AE 1076" [poor quality scan], Telefunken GmbH, Berlin-Zehlendorf, 6/1943 [here only Appendix 1 "Allgemeines", pp. 5, 6; appeared in "50 Jahre Telefunken. Festschrift zum 50-jährigen Jubiläum der Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H.", 1953, 63 pp.]
• Ref. 29A: "Schaltbild des Zusatzgerätes Az 1085 für Hell-Schreibempfang" [poor quality scan], Appendix 2 of ref. 29
• Ref. 30: "Langwellen-Telegrafie-Empfänger (LT-Empfänger Funk empf 61)", company brochure, Siemens & Halske AG, SH 13, 10490,3 4859, 6 pp.
• Ref. 31: "Siemens-Hell-Technik", company brochure, Siemens & Halske AG, SH Nr. 725, 6 pp.
• Ref. 32: T.empf.14 description and operating instructions
• Ref. 32A: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber (T empf 14) - Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift" [incl. longwave reception setup with Funk Empf 61 receiver, shortwave with additional converter], Siemens-Halske AG, Wernerwerk F, Te 11/46, WWT. 1000., S. 47. 1494 Reg.-Nr. 115, November 1946, 21 pp. (courtesy Heinz Blumberg, DC4GL).
• Ref. 32B: - updated version of ref. 32A, with more photos - Siemens-Hell-Schreiber (T empf 14) - Beschreibung und Betriebsvorschrift" [incl. longwave reception setup with "E 515X" receiver, shortwave with dedicated receiver], Siemens-Halske AG, Wernerwerk, Te 11/46, 1946, 29 pp. Source: hamfu.ch, retrieved 30 September 2020.
• Ref. 33: "Drahtfunk", wired-radio broadcast, Filodiffusione
• Ref. 33A: "Drahtfunk, Teil 3: Hochfrequenz-Drahtfunk in Deutschland nach 1930", Otto Künzel, in "Funkgeschichte", Nr. 135, 2001, pp. 30-39
• Ref. 33B: "Drahtfunk-Sendung und -Empfang", in "Funkschau", Vol. 17, Nr. 9/10, Sept-Oct 1944, pp. 68-69
• Ref. 33C: "Wired radio broadcasting technology in Britain: The early years", M. Bolton, B. Lake House, in "Proc. of the IEEE History of Telecommunications Conference", 2008 (HISTELCON 2008), pp. 55-58. Source: en.books.org, accessed April 2021. [pdf, See note 1]
• Ref. 33D: "Das Drahtfunknetz in Berlin", K.H. Deutsch, in "Funk-Technik - Zeitschrift für das gesamte Elektro- Radio- und Musikwarenfach", Nr. 5, March 1948, pp. 106, 109, 110
• Ref. 33E: "Die leitungsgebundene Übertragung von Tonrundfunk (Tondrahtfunk, Hördrahtfunk, Unterhaltungsdrahtfunk)", pp. 612-617 in "50 Jahre Rundfunk aus der Sicht der Deutschen Fernmeldeverwaltung", Hans Pressler, Karl Vogt, in "Archiv für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen", Bundesmin. für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen, Vol. 25 (1973), Nr. 5/6.
• Ref. 34: "Allwellen-Empfänger Funk 745 E 302 (Funk empf 66 a) - Beschreibung und Bedienung", Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk für Fernmeldetechnik, May 1954, 10 pp. Source: seefunknetz.de
• Ref. 35: 10-December-1951 - price quote (incl. taxes, import duties 12-30%) from Nederlandsche Siemens Maatschappij NV in The Hague/The Netherlands to ANP news agency in The Hague, for equipment suitable for operation in the tropics: Hell tape-printer T.empf.14, sheet-printer 9T.empf.1a, longwave receiver Fu.empf.66a, longwave receiver Fu.empf.66a with built-in Hell-printer amplifier, longwave receiver T.empf.61a with built-in Hell-printer amplifier, stand-alone printer-amplifier St.verst.1a, new model printer amplifier (no model name). Volume discounts.
• Ref. 36: "Entwicklung kommerzieller Empfänger", H. Hart, G. Schaffstein, G. Vogt, in "Telefunken Zeitung (technisch-wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen der Telefunken GmbH)", Vol.  23, Nr. 87/88, September 1950, pp. 83-92 (incl. "Telefunken Presse-Hellempfänger E11-1/48" and "Presse-Hellempfänger EPH/L/2")
• Ref. 37: "Deutsche Spezialempfänger" [Telefunken Kurzwellenempfänger EP/K/1, Presse-Hell-Empfänger EPH/L/2, Presse-Hell-Empfänger E 11/1/48, Rundfunk-Ball-Empfänger Typ "Ball E f2"] in "Funk-Technik - Fachzeitschrift für Kommunikationselektroniker und Radio- u. Fernsehtechniker; offizielles Mitteilungsblatt d. Bundesfachgruppe Radio- u. Fernsehtechnik", Nr. 2, February 1950, pp. 38-40.
• Note: so-called "Ball" broadcast receivers were used from the early 1920s (1923 in Germany) through the 40s, as receivers of medium- and shortwave repeater stations ( = relay stations). The name refers to the analogy of catching a thrown ball and throwing it to the next person. The Ball-receiver was placed at the range limit of a broadcast transmitter, received the signals from that transmitter, and re-broadcast it locally or regionally, via fixed or mobile transmitters. By 1939, Germany re-broadcast 141 foreign stations/programs, and foreign stations re-broadcast 165 German stations/programs. ref. 230Q28.
• Ref. 37A: EPH/L/2 schematic, Fig. 7 in ref. 37; note: the same schematic is shown in ref. 36 and 38, but the half-wave rectifier diode in the power supply is a UY11 (dating back to ca.1939) instead of a UY4 (ca. 1947). The UY11 has a higher heater-filament voltage (50 vs. 35 volt).
• Ref. 38: "Der Siemens-Hell-Schreiber und der neue Telefunken-Langwellen-Hell-Empfänger", in "Hochfrequenztechnik und Funk-Praxis - Zeitschrift für Funktechnik", Vol. 1, Nr. 14, December 1948
• Ref. 39: to be allocated.
• Ref. 40: "Langwellenempfänger E 3", DENA, 1971, 11 pp. (courtesy B. Rothe)
• Ref. 41: "Kurzwellenempfänger Ln 21021 Geräte-Handbuch" [Schwabenland], Druckschrift D.(Luft) T. 4415, August 1942, 38 pp. Source: www.cdvandt.org.
• Ref. 42: "Sechskreisempfänger Type E 407 Rö", Telefunken brochure, W.B.159D (2000), April 1936, 3 pp. Source: www.cdvandt.org.
• Ref. 43: "Neue Empfänger-Type von Siemens & Halske A.-G.", Internal note of Telefunken Ges.f.drahtl.Telegraphie m.b.H. Abt. V ["Verkauf", sales dept], signature illegible, 3 October 1941, 1 page; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, part of file nr. I.2.060C-02427
• Ref. 44: "Wire program services of the Reichspost", J.A. Parrott, FIAT (Field Information Agency, Technical; United States Group Control Council for Germany) Final Report No. 290, 3 October 1945, 14 pp.; source: cdvandt.org.
• Ref. 45: "Siemens-Hell-Schreiber", pp. 16, 17 in "F Sammelliste 1939" [Telecom products overview], Siemens Fernmelde Technik, Siemens & Halske AG, Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 400 pp.
• Ref. 46: "Kurzwellen-Empfänger Lo 6 K 39a", Werner Thote, in "Museums Bote", Nr. 119-120, September-December 2003, pp. 22-24; retrieved 31 July 2019.
• Ref. 47: "Ein kommerzieller Empfänger: Lorenz-Schwabenland", pp. 287-289 in "Radio-Mentor", Vol. 12,  Nr. 7/8, July/August 1943. Source: www.cdvandt.org. retrieved 9 September 2019.
• Ref. 48: p. 3 in "Kommerzielle Nachrichtengeräte von 1897 - 1945", Gerhard B. Salzmann, ed. 2004.
• Ref. 49: "Der Kurzwellenempfänger Ln 21021 (Schwabenland)", 5 pp (4 pp. + 1 schematic + photo page) in "Gerätebeschreibung" [file size: 186 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 68 MB], Part 3 of "Theoretische und praktische Gerätelehre für den Versuchsfunker", 1./Ln.Vers.Rgt.(mot.), Köthen, 1942. Source: BArch file nr. (Signatur) RL 17/543, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016". Note: this document has no table of contents, and pages are not numbered.
• Ref. 50: "Bedienungsanweisung für den Siemens-Hellschreibempfänger Funk - empf. 61b" (operating instructions), 2 pp.
• Ref. 51: "Reparaturanweisungen für Siemens 61 B" (repair instructions), 3 pp.
• Ref. 52: "LT-Empfänger str. Funk.empf.61c", complete schematic with component values, Siemens & Halske A.G., May/June 1947, A3-size sheet.
• Ref. 53: "Schaltteilliste zu LT - Empfänger sa Funk empf. 61 c" (parts list), Siemens & Halske A.G., June 1947, 8 pp.
• Ref. 54: "Telescrittore Siemens-Hell" [Siemens-Hell teleprinter], 1-page Siemens SA advertising, in "Poste e telecommunicazioni", Vol. XIV, Nr. 10, Part 1 "tecnica", October 1942-XX, 44 pp. Source: www.issp.po.it, acessed April 2019.
• Ref. 55: "777WK (T777WK)", source: radiomuseum.org, retrieved 6 March 2021.
• Ref. 56: Schematic of the Telefunken Presse-Hell receiver model E 11/1/48.
• Ref. 73: "Wer setzt schon auf Caprice? In den Wettbüros deutscher Buchmacher herrscht Katerstimmung", Esther Knorr-Anders, in "DIE ZEIT", Nr. 2, 8 January 1982, p. 52 [pdf]
• Ref. 74: "Fernschreibempfänger für Langwellen" [Longwave receiver for teleprinters], in "Funkschau", Nr. 9, 1948, p. 101.
• Ref. 138:"Die schnelle Nachrichtenübermittlung…" [Fast news broadcast]
• Ref. 138A: p. 7 in "Deutscher Morgen / Aurora Allemã", German weekly newspaper published in Saõ Paulo/Brazil, Vol. 10, nr. 10, 7 March 1941.
• Ref. 138B: p. 1 in "Badener Zeitung" (newspaper), Vol. 62, 25 January 1941 [pdf].
• Ref. 138C: p. 3 in "Salzburger Volksblatt" (newspaper), Vol. 9, 23 January 1941.
• Ref. 230Q28: "Der Deutsche Rundfunk bis zum Inkrafttreten des Kopenhagener Wellenplans" ["German broadcast radio, up to the entry into force of the Copenhagen Frequency Plan" (a.k.a. The "Copenhagen Plan", annex to the 1948 "European Broadcasting Convention"], Gerhart Goebel, in "Archiv für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen", Vol. 2, Nr. 6, August 1950, pp. 355-454. [pdf]
• Ref. 273: p. 55 in "Die deutschen Funkführungsverfahren bis 1945" ["The German radio guidance procedures up to 1945"], Fritz Trenkle, Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag (publ.), 1987, 232 pp.

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External links last checked: March 2016